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Rogers, Helen C. "Scripture and the Devil." Library Journal, 75:1782-87, 15 October 1950. R203
"Censorship in its devious forms offers a challenge to the librarian."
Rogers, James L. A Study of Prospective High School Teachers' Attitudes toward Daily Newspapers and Freedom of Information. Columbia, Mo., University of Missouri, 1955. 173p. (Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, no. 10,129; summarized in Journalism Quarterly, Spring 1955) R204
The author finds that "only half of a representative group of prospective high school teachers have attitudes favorable to newspapers, and their attitudes toward freedom of information show even less understanding and stability."
Rogers, Lindsay. "The Extension of Federal Control through the Regulation of the Mails." Harvard Law Review, 27:27-44, November 1913. R205
The author criticizes as an indirect encroachment upon press freedom the newspaper publicity law, recently upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. The law requires publication of officers, owners, stockholders, etc., of all publications entered as second-class mailing matter. It also requires the labeling of all advertisements that consist of editorial or reading matter.
-------. "Federal Interference with Freedom of the Press." Yale Law Journal, 23:559-79, May 1914. R206
"The decisions of the Supreme Court which have been quoted lead to no conclusion other than that any attempt on the part of Congress to place a previous restraint upon the press, or even to deny it postal facilities, for no discernible reason, would receive a judicial veto. The exclusion of obscene matter, lottery tickets, and other writings inimical to the public morals, has clearly been within the power of Congress, and legislation forbidding seditious and anarchistic publications or banning them from the mails, would be constitutional."
-------. "Freedom of the Press in the United States." Contemporary Review, 114:177-83, August 1918. (Reprinted in Living Age, 28 September 1918) R207
"In the United States the [wartime] restrictions thus far imposed do not abridge the constitutional guaranty, nor do they give much cause for objection to those who argue that discussion of the war should be allowed great latitude. The danger lies in the enforcement of the regulations through the post office and the possible denial of mail privileges without a judicial review."
-------. The Postal Power of Congress; a Study in Constitutional Expansion. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1916. 189p. (Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, series 34, no. 2) R208
Chapter 4 on Limitations on the Postal Powers deals with constitutional restrictions against unreasonable searches and seizures and against infringing the freedom of the press; chapter 5 deals with the Power of the States to Interfere with the Mails; and chapter 6 deals with The Extension of Federal Control through Exclusion from the Mails. A scholarly work with numerous citations to court decisions.
Rogers, Virgil M. "Don't Let Censors Take You Unaware." Library Journal, 80:2879-81, 15 December 1955. R209
A schoolman's advice to school and children's librarians on aims and objectives and proper handling of controversial materials and effective lines of communications with children, parents, and teachers.
-------. "The Responsibility of Choice: The Administrator's Problem." In Freedom of Book Selection; Proceedings of the Second Conference on Intellectual Freedom . . . Chicago, American Library Association, 1954, pp. 58-66. R210 §
-------. "Textbooks under Fire." Atlantic, 195:42-48, February 1955. R211
The dean of the School of Education, Syracuse University, after more than 30 years of service in public schools, evaluates the attacks on textbooks thought to be "subversive." He shows that today the task of educators has become that of "educating our children for the making of choices which to be intelligent have to be based upon carefully wrought definitions." Good textbooks help in the task of educating the young to make intelligent choices.
-------. "Toward Intellectual Freedom." ALA Bulletin, 51:243-47, April 1957. R212 §
An educator praises the Library Bill of Rights and other documents that defend intellectual freedom.
Rogers, William P. "The Right to Know Government Business, from the Viewpoint of the Government Official." Marquette Law Review, 40:83-91, Summer 1956. R213
At the time of writing the author was Deputy Attorney-General of the United States.
Rogge, B. A. "Complexity in Hades." Teachers College Record, 65:654-57, May 1964. R214
The dean of Wabash College comments on issues and implications in the case of the social studies teacher in Paradise, Calif, threatened with loss of her job for exposing students to a variety of points of view on public issues.
Rogge, O. John. "Congress Shall Make No Law . . . " Michigan Law Review, 56:331-74, January 1958; 56:579-618, February 1958. R215
Recent cases before the U.S. Supreme Court "call for a re-examination of the circumstances leading to the adoption of the federal bill of rights, the framers' intent in drafting the First Amendment, its subsequent construction, particularly the development and application of Justice Holmes' clear and present danger test, which he enunciated in Schenck v. United States, and the respective areas of federal and state power."
-------. The First and the Fifth. With Some Excursions Into Others. New York, Nelson, 1960. 358p. (Brief treatment in New York Law Review, May 1959) R216
A discussion of two American rights which secure to the individual freedom from the state's intrusion--freedom of utterance, guaranteed by the First Amendment and freedom of silence, protected by the Fifth Amendment. A chapter is devoted to Justice Holmes's clear and present danger test; and a chapter to sedition and obscenity. Well-documented with citation to court decisions. The author was formerly Assistant Attorney General of the United States.
Rogin, Lawrence. "Postoffice Censorship Again." Nation, 132:379-80, 8 April 1931. R217
The author criticizes the action of the Post Office in refusing second-class mailing privileges to such Communist periodicals as, Revolutionary Age, Young Worker, and Young Pioneer. "Political censorship of any sort in a democracy is an anomaly. To vest the power of such censorship in an official whose decisions, for all practical purposes, are final, is to introduce autocracy in an extreme form."
Romberg, Martin. Der Lügenfeldzug gegen Deutschland. Schwerin i. Mecklb., F. Bahn, 1915. 22p. R218
British censorship in World War I.
[Romeo, Francesco]. Letters, to the Marquis of Hastings, on The Indian Press; with an Appeal to Reason and the British Parliament, on the Liberty of the Press in General. By a Friend to Good Government. London, J. M. Richardson, 1824. 120p. R219
Twenty-one letters cite arguments for a free press: the best protection against revolution; conversely suppression encourages revolt; the best protector against foreign intrigue; possible abuses and lack of sufficient education of natives are not sufficient reasons for proscribing the press; English libel laws offer sufficient protection and obviate prior censorship; a free press in India would secure the government from contempt and enable Indians to express their grievances; a free press is compatible with views of British Parliament; censorship of the Indian press is injurious to interests of the East India Company; censorship in India gives an advantage to the rivals of England.
[Romilly, Sir Samuel]. A Fragment on the Constitutional Power and Duty of Juries upon Trials for Libels. London, 1785. 16p. R220
Expresses the libertarian point of view of Thomas Erskine.
"Romish Plot against Heretic Press Uncovered; No Less Than Nineteen Roman Catholic Editors in Various Parts of the Country Helped to Spring the Trap on Unwary Heretics in Detroit." Menace, 376:1, 13 July 1918. R221
Part of an anti-Catholic crusade of the editor, B.O. Flower.
Roney, Joseph A. "NAB Code and Father Coughlin." Commonweal, 31:114-16, 24 November 1939. R222
Defends the NAB Code against charges that it was written to exclude Father Coughlin from the air. The section prohibiting the airing of controversial issues on sponsored commercial programs (in favor of free time in the public interest) grew out of criticism of talks by W. J. Cameron of Ford Motors. Radio frequencies, unlike newspapers, the author maintains, are public property and subject to control in the interest of the public.
Rooney, E. M. "Morality and the Selection of Books for the High School Library." Catholic Library World, 28:394-400, May 1957. R223
Roosevelt, Franklin D. ["A Letter to the American Society of Newspaper Editors on Free Speech and a Free Press. April 16, 1941"]. In his Public Papers and Addresses, 1941 Volume. New York, Macmillan, 1950, pp. 120-21. R224
"Free speech and a free press are still in the possession of the people of the United States."
-------. "On Newspapers and Editors--A Letter of Congratulations to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. November 2, 1938."] In his Public Papers and Addresses, 1938 Volume. New York, Macmillan, 1941, pp. 577-83. R225
In this tribute to the Post-Dispatch and its editors, President Roosevelt observes: "I have always been firmly persuaded that our newspapers cannot be edited in the interests of the general public from the counting room." And later, that "freedom of news" rather than "freedom of the press" should be the chief concern.
-------. [The President Issues a Statement and Establishes the Office of Censorship. Executive Order No. 8985, December 19, 1941.] In his Public Papers and Addresses, 1941 Volume. New York, Macmillan, 1950, pp. 574-79. R226
"All Americans abhor censorship, just as they abhor war. But the experience of this and of all other Nations has demonstrated that some degree of censorship is essential in wartime, and we are at war." The Executive Order and related documents follow.
Roosevelt, Theodore. "A Disagreeable Duty." Outlook, 104:316-18, 14 June 1913. R227
Statement by the former President giving his reasons for bringing the libel suit against George A. Newett at Marquette, Mich., and expressing gratitude to those testifying in his behalf.
-------. "Lincoln and Free Speech." In his Works. New York, Scribner's, 1926. vol. 19, pp. 289-300. (From The Great Adventure, 1918) R228
Comments on the wartime activities of the Wilson administration in light of the policies of the Lincoln administration during the Civil War.
[-------, plaintiff]. Roosevelt v. [George A.] Newett. A Transcript of the Testimony taken and Depositions read at Marquette, Mich. n.p., Privately printed, [W. Emlen Roosevelt], 1914. 362p. R229
Libel action against the publisher of Ishpemeng Iron Ore for $10,000 for a statement made during the Presidential campaign that Theodore Roosevelt was frequently drunk. The defendant conceded the mistake in fact and claimed lack of malice. Roosevelt asked that no damages be assessed; the judge directed a verdict of guilty with nominal damages of 6 cents. The judge gives an extended charge to the court, differentiating between the right of a newspaper to discuss freely the fitness of a person for public office, including opinions and inferences from honest belief, and the use against a candidate of "words which are both defamatory and untrue."
"Roosevelt and the Slanderers." Review of Reviews, 48:16-18, July 1913. R230
A series of editorials concerning the attempt to besmirch the personal reputation of Theodore Roosevelt, the libel suit against the Michigan editor printing the charges, the trial and testimony for Roosevelt, and the complete vindication of the former President.
"Roosevelt's Law of Libel." Nation, 90:104-5, 3 February 1910. R231
Editorial commenting on the attempt by President Theodore Roosevelt to revive the doctrine that the government of the United States can be libeled. A government suit was brought against the New York World and the Indianapolis News, but Federal Judge Hough decided "that the President's law was unsound, and that the principle which he sought to establish had in it 'consequences of a very serious character.'"
Root, David. Liberty of Speech and of the Press. A Thanksgiving Sermon Delivered November 26, 1835 to the Congressional Church & Society in Dover, N.H. Dover, N.H., Printed at the Inquirer Office, 1835. 16p. R232
A Congressional minister traces to the scriptures the doctrine of free speech and press as expressed in the federal constitution and the constitutions of the several states. It is a right granted by the Creator which no human authority can lawfully deny. "We ought to obey God rather than man (Acts V:29). Rev. Root eloquently denounces the mob violence that was then preventing free discussion of the evils of slavery.
Root, E. Merrill. Brainwashing in the High School. New York, Devin-Adair, 1958. 277p. (Issued in a paperback edition by the Church League of America, 1962) R233
The author analyzes 11 American history textbooks used in high schools, charging a bias in favor of "liberal" historians and collectivist apologists and an avoidance of references to revisionist historians and radical conservatives. The effect, the author charges, is to indoctrinate high school students with subversive ideas and to keep from them a proper appreciation of patriotic nationalism, the private ownership of property, and the idealogy of economic individualism. He urges a thorough housecleaning of the tainted sources and that parents and teachers demand new textbooks.
-------. "The Proposed Program of Our Academic Hucksters." American Legion Magazine, 53(6):18-19, 56-58, December 1952. R234
"How left-wing super-salesmen operating under the slogan of 'academic freedom' exploit youth's desire to fight for the underdog and build a better world." An attack on the alleged collectivism in American schools.
Root, Robert. "The Freedom and Responsibility of the Press." American Editor, 2(4):5-15, 56-59, January 1958. R235
To "temper the excesses of the irresponsible press and to facilitate the efforts of the responsible press," the author considers the formation of a press commission along the lines of the British Royal Commission. He also explores cooperative ownership of newspapers, the creation of tax-supported state and local papers, and a press sponsored by a university or foundation.
Roote, Betty. FCC Network and Programing. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1965. 6p. (Publication no. 147) R236 §
This paper traces the background of FCC involvement in network programming and examines the current controversy over proposals that the FCC limit network ownership of prime-time shows.
-------. Federal Records Law Debate, II. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1966. 4p. (Publication no. 157) R237 §
This paper follows the progress of S. 1666 and subsequent public records bills during 1964 and 1965. This continues a history of legislation that was presented in Center Publication no. 117, entered under the title, Federal Records Law Debate.
-------. State Regulation of Obscenity. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1966. 3p. (Publication no. 155) R238 §
"Virtually every Supreme Court decision on obscenity forces a change in obscenity laws and enforcement on the state and local levels. The condition of the 'war on obscenity'--as it affects print media--on the state and municipal levels is reviewed in this paper."
Rorty, James. "The Attack on Our Libraries." Commentary, 19:541-49, June 1955. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 303-10) R239 §
"Sketches the ordeal of the libraries: the nature and direction of the attacks, and the way that many communities--though, alas, far from all--were able to fight off the incursions." Includes censorship cases that took place in the 1950's in the Bartlesville (Okla.) Public Library, the Boston Public Library, Galion (Ohio) public school, Mt. Lebanon (Pa.) Public Library, and the San Antonio Public Library. The San Antonio Minute Women conducted a crusade against alleged Communist books which later spread to San Francisco and other communities.
-------. "The Embattled Textbook Publishers." Jewish Frontier, 23(6):18-22, June 1956. R240
Attempts by individuals and organizations to censor public school textbooks. "During the postwar decade the public schools have been almost continuously under fire from the right, and in these attacks, the attempts of conservative and patriotic pressure groups to make 'progressive education' synonymous with subversion have been frequently coupled with the political censorship of school textbooks." While the campaigns of Allen A. Zoll and other "sadists of freedom" (term coined by Luther Evans) have been ineffectual and there have been few firings and no burnings, the campaigns and pressures have contributed to appeasement and timidity. Zoll's National Council for American Education and Mrs. Crain's organization, sponsored by the Conference of Small Business Organizations, provided much of the ammunition.
-------. "The Harassed Pocket-Book Publishers." Antioch Review, 15:411-27, Winter 1955-56. R241
Account of private and public censorship drives on the production and distribution of paperback books, with special attention to censorship activities by the National Office for Decent Literature.
-------. "It Ain't No Sin!" Nation, 139:124-27, 1 August 1934. R242
Discussion of current movie censorship, with particular reference to the Legion of Decency, the Motion Picture Research Council, and their activities. The author feels that movie magnates have a "thoroughly deserved headache." In making poor films and films exploiting sex and social and moral values, instead of honest films dealing with honest values, the industry has created a situation ripe for censorship.
-------. "The Libraries in a Time of Tension." Commentary, 20:30-37, July 1955. R243
The author considers the demands made upon libraries in time of international tension, particuiarly the demand of many patriotic societies for a more rigid control and identification of library books on anything to do with the Communist problem.
-------. Order On the Air! New York, John Day, 1934. 32p. (John Day pamphlets no. 44) (Excerpted in Summers, Radio Censorship, pp. 43-50) R244
The author "analyzes radio's sins of commission and omission, and describes the several kinds of conflicting censorships by which radio is shackled and minority pressure groups are kept off the air. He calls for order--or at least orderly conflict--on the air and joins with the American Civil Liberties Union in urging as a basis for legislation, an investigation and recommendations by a non-political commission appointed by the President." The ACLU report, Radio Censorship, embodies some of the material presented by Rorty.
[Rose, Alfred, comp.]. Registrum Librorum Eroticorum. Vel (sub hac specie) Dubiorum: Opus Bibliographicum et Praecipue Bibliothecariis Destinatum . . . Compiled by Rolf S. Reade (pseud.) London, Privately Printed, 1936. 2 vols. (Original edition limited to 200 copies; reprinted by Jack Brussel, New York, 1965) R245
While this work is an alphabetical list of erotica rather than of books that have been banned, the preface (pp. vii-xi) relates the list to the censorship of the works included.
Rose, Cornelia B. National Policy for Radio Broadcasting; a Report of a Committee of the National Economic and Social Planning Association. New York, Harper, 1940. 289p. R246
The report recommends that the government define the relationship of member stations with the network system and formulate positive standards and objectives for assuring the public interest. Content control, however, should be left to the broadcasters.
Rose, John. "The Unstamped Press, 1815-1836." English Historical Review, 12:711-26, October 1897. R247
A study of the illegal newspapers and periodical pamphlets published in England during the years 1815-1836. These "unstamped" papers reveal the struggle of the press for freedom as well as the many reform movements of the period that were supported by the radical press.
Rose, Kenneth. "The Growth of Freedom in the Reporting of Parliamentary Debates." Gazette; International Journal of the Science of the Press, 2:223-32, 1957. R248
A review of the battle in the history of journalism for freedom to report the proceedings in Parliament which began in the seventeenth century and is not yet completely won. "The right to publish Parliamentary reports remains a privilege which at any moment in theory, if not in practice, may be withdrawn from the Press."
Rose, Oscar, ed. Radio Broadcasting and Television: An Annotated Bibliography. New York, Wilson, 1947. 120p. R249
Contains a section on Systems and Legislation, Censorship, and Related Media.
Rosenberg, Albert. "A New Move for the Censorship of Owen Swiney's The Quacks." Notes & Queries, 5 (n.s.):393-96, September 1958. R250
The real reason why this 1705 farce was censored and the opening performance postponed was the attacks the play made on the Kit-Cat Club and Jacob Tonson. "There is good reason to believe that some offensive passages were removed from the play before it was allowed to be performed."
Rosenberg, James N. Censorship in the United States. An Address before the Association of the Bar of the City of New York on March 15th, 1928. New York, Court Press, 1928. 28p. (Reprinted in Law Notes, June and July 1928) R251
A review of recent developments in censorship of stage, movies, and books in the United States, with some reference to historical background. Rosenberg believes that "the narrow limits which the courts have laid on themselves to set aside acts of police power or of quasi-judicial or administrative boards almost nullify the practical value of such a review". He decries the increased pressures and support for censorship that have swept the nation and the feeble attempts of leaders to stand up against this dangerous and powerful adversary.
-------. Group Defamation and Freedom of Speech. New York, National Conference of Jews and Christians, 1937. 12p. R252
How shall this country meet the menace of group defamation? By speech or suppression? The author rejects the use of suppression and gag laws. Liberals should not leave the arena to the demagogues, but should actively fight for the truth. The greatest menace of free speech is inertia. "Let there be more, not less, of speech." An address delivered at the Williamstown Institute of Human Relations, Williams College, 1 September 1937.
-------. "Padlocking the Talkies." Nation, 127:601-2, 5 December 1928. R253
The censor's power to muzzle the silent movie has been established by statute and court decision. Pennsylvania has already asserted the power to throttle speech in the talking movie. What has become of our constitutional safeguard of freedom of speech?
Rosenberg, Marvin. "The 'Refinement' of Othello in the Eighteenth Century British Theatre." Studies in Philology, 51:75-94, January 1954. R254
"Othello more than any of the other major Shakespearean tragedies builds on thoughts and words and incidents involving the sexual act. In the eighteenth century, British culture became increasingly sensitive to public allusions to sex. The theatres, patronized now largely by middle class audiences, began to eliminate from the play language and action that was erotic, 'indelicate,' or in 'bad taste.' Thus began a pattern of social censorship that culminated in the late Victorian period, when nearly every reference in the play to physical love, however indirect, was driven from the stage, and only the barest hints remained of the playwright's carefully integrated projection of sexual imagery motivating Othello's jealousy."
-------. "Reputation Oft Lost Without Deserving." Shakespeare Quarterly, 9:499-506, Autumn 1958. R255
Bowdler, who refined Shakespeare's plays "to protect the purity of British womanhood from contamination by indecent language," kept the basic structure of the play untouched, but changed only offending words and lines.
Rosenburg, Bernard. "Censorship of Books." Truth Seeker, 44:615-16, 29 September 1917. R256
Rosenfield, John. "Vigilantes Riding." Southwest Review, 41:vi, 198-203, Spring 1956. R257
A historical sketch of vigilantism in America and its recent application to the arts in the form of censorship and boycott of movies and art exhibits on the basis of immorality and subversion.
Rosenthal, Elias. Theodore Dreiser's "Genius" Banned. n.p., 1917. 8p. R258
Suppression of The Genius in New York in 1916 by threat of prosecution under the obscenity laws. The New York vice society objected to the work because certain female delinquents did not suffer ill consequences from their sin.
Rosenthal, Eric. Apology Refused. London, Bailey & Swinfen, 1958. 187p. R259
Report of a South African libel case.
Rosenthal, Irving. "Editorial: The Complete Contents of the Suppressed Winter 1959 Chicago Review." Big Table, 1:3-6, Spring 1959. R260 §
Ross, Albert. "What Is Immoral in Literature?" Arena, 3:438-45, March 1891. (Reprinted in Freethought, 21 March 1891) R261
We do not care so much that vice exists as that it is well-dressed. The nude in literature is on trial. It is almost as sinful to write about sexual sin as to commit it. The professional conservators of morality in print who experience difficulties in drawing the line between the moral and immoral "have never hit upon the excellent plan of letting everybody make the decision for himself."
Ross, Edward A. "Freedom of Communication and the Struggle for Right." In his Social Trends, New York, Century, 1922, pp. 195-213. (Extracted in Survey, 9 January 1915) R262
The president of the American Sociological Society denounces the shocking denial of freedom of communications to organized labor and others who are appealing for the redress of social wrongs. "The tactics for controlling subversive ideas is not the application of the gag but the redress of real grievances." For organized society to allow the weapon of a free press to be wrenched from the hands of the laboring class in their struggle against oppression constitutes "connivance in one of the greatest iniquities that could be committed."
-------. "The Suppression of Important News." Atlantic Monthly, 105:303-11, March 1910. (Also as a chapter in his Changing America, New York, Century, 1912) R263
A sociologist discusses the owner-advertiser censorship that he believes is the "damning count against the daily newspaper" in America. He proposes the creation of endowed newspapers that will have freedom to publish news that might be suppressed by commercial papers.
Ross, Irwin. "Trial by Newspaper." Atlantic Monthly, 216(3):63-68, September, 1965. R264
A former newspaperman considers the serious flaw in American justice whereby an accused is tried, convicted, and damned by newspapers before he has had his day in court. He considers various proposals, including the British system, for providing a fair trial and yet permitting reasonable press coverage. "The only approach that has a chance to work is one that would stop the flow of prejudiced material at its source: the police department and the prosecutor's office." The defense counsel should be under the same restraints.
Ross, Sherwood. "Violence on the Air." Progressive, 25(11):28-31, November 1961. R265
Industry's self-regulation of broadcasting has not succeeded in freeing the air of violence. Calls for government establishment and enforcement of program standards.
Ross, Virginia. "The Growing Menace." California Librarian, 21:37-38, 73, January 1960. R266
The librarian of the San Mateo County Free Library believes that "the present California law is adequate to deal with the problem [of obscenity]" and that violations "should be handled through proper legal channels, not by volunteer citizen action." She questions two premises in the matter of concern over "girlie" magazines--(1) that youths are the major purchasers, and (2) that reading these magazines is a causative factor in delinquency.
Rosten, Leo. "Is Fear Destroying Our Freedom?" Look, 18:21-25, 7 September 1954. R267
A record of cases growing out of hysteria over communism which threatens the freedom of ideas.
Rostenberg, Leona. Literary, Political, Scientific, Religious & Legal Publishing, New York, Printing & Bookselling in England, 1551-1700: Twelve Studies. New York, Burt Franklin, 1965. 2 vols. (Portions of the work appeared earlier in The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America) R268
A study of 12 members of the Stationers' Company, publishers, printers, and booksellers in seventeenth-century England. "This book embraces a study of their publications, their careers, the milieu in which they lived and worked, their influence upon the period and the period's influence upon them. Often suffering personal indignity, persecution and financial ruin, they nevertheless pursued the specific cause they espoused and abetted." Among these are: Nathaniel Butter, whose newsbooks were "supprest and inhibited" by the Star Chamber and who, in 1643, was held prisoner in the Fleet for his seditious works; William Dugard, schoolmaster and printer, imprisoned during the Commonwealth; the Puritan publisher Michael Sparke, who suffered at the pillory along with William Prynne; Livewell Chapman, publisher to the Fifth Monarchy (a radical religious society), who was imprisoned during the Restoration; Nathaniel Thompson, Tory-Catholic publisher, whose "popish" books brought him more than 6 jail sentences; the licenser of printing, Roger L'Estrange and his "messenger" Robert Stephens ("Robin Hog"); and Richard and Anne Baldwin, Whig pamphleteers and champions of English press freedom. Facsimiles of title pages reproduced include the following associated with press freedom: William Prynne's suppressed Histrio-Mastix (p. 177); An Account of the Proceedings against Nat. Thompson, Mr. Farwell, & Mr. Paine (p. 337); Roger L'Estrange's Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press (p. 344); and Elizabeth Cellier's Malice Defeated (p. 357).
Roth, Edwin. "Britain's Libel Laws Keep Profumo Case Under Cover." Editor and Publisher, 96(24):11, 68, 15 June 1963. R269
"A story of immense political significance, which could overthrow the government . . . was not printed in Britain for almost half of a year [until War Minister John Profumo had resigned] during which almost every newspaperman in Fleet Street knew it." The reason was the British libel law under which "even an absolute truth can be legally libelous if it exposes anyone to hatred, ridicule or contempt."
Roth, H. O. "America Shows the Way; Dealing with the Political Censor." New Zealand Libraries, 12:35-39, March 1949. R270
A report on the wave of political censorship in America--censorship action of such groups as the House Un-American Activities Committee, the American Legion, and the DAR. References also to efforts of the American Library Association to counteract censorship.
Roth, Samuel. "Advertisement." In the Education of a French Model; Kiki's Memoirs, New York, Boars Head, 1950, pp. 5-8. R271
In his preface to these memoirs, Roth discusses his own experience with the censor--Anthony Comstock and the Post Office Department. Roth was later involved in an obscenity case before the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld his conviction.
Rothenberg, Ignaz. The Newspaper: a Study in the Workings of the Daily Press and Its Laws. London, Staples, 1946. 351p. R272
A comparative study of newspaper laws in various countries. The introduction deals with liberty of the press; other sections deal with anonymity, libel and the right of reply, blasphemy and obscenity, reporting of court and parliamentary proceedings, and legal restrictions on advertising.
-------. "The Peeping Camera." Nieman Reports, 14(4):31-33, October 1960. R273 §
An attorney describes incidents of reckless violation of privacy by news photographers.
-------. "The Right of Reply to Libels in the Press." Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, 23 (3d ser.):38-59, 1941. R274
The press laws of most countries give the right of an immediate reply to be published in the paper. "Among the countries without special regulations concerning a right of reply Great Britain and the U.S.A. are the most outstanding."
Rothman, Bernard, and Norman Harris. "Control of the Movies by Criminal Law." Commercial Law Journal, 61:360-63, December 1956. R275
The article suggests two bases which can be used for controlling movies without violation of the freedom of the medium as defined by the U.S. Supreme Court. One statute would protect the unwary from offense by requiring some form of notice of the nature of the movie; the other involves the right of a person to direct the education of his children, requiring the parents' consent before permitting them to see immoral movies.
Rothrock, Mary V. "Censorship of Fiction in the Public Library." Library Journal, 48:454-56, 15 May 1923. R276
An appeal for open-mindedness in selection of fiction dealing with controversial subjects.
Rothschild, John. "Brass Checks and Michigan." New Republic, 34:43-45, 7 March 1923. R277
Implications of the censorship of the Michigan Daily by the Board of Control of Student Publication at University of Michigan.
Rotnem, V. W., and F. G. Folsom, Jr. "Recent Restrictions upon Religious Liberty." American Political Science Review, 36:1053-68, December 1942. R278
Includes reference to municipal ordinances against circulation of literature by Jehovah's Witnesses.
Roughead, William. "An Advocate of Reform; or, Sedition and Botany Bay." Juridical Review, 50:231-56, 1938. R279
An account of the trial, conviction, and transportation to Botany Bay of Thomas Muir, advocate of reform and freedom of the press in Scotland during the period of the French Revolution. Accompanying portrait of Muir (etching) by John Kay.
Rourke, Francis E. "Administrative Secrecy: A Congressional Dilemma." American Political Science Review, 54:684-94, September 1960. R280
Study of administrative secrecy and the cross-pressures complicating "the task of finding a balance between secrecy and publicity in administrative operations . . . At the root of the congressional dilemma over administrative secrecy is the fundamental difficulty of reconciling the divergent claims of publicity and privacy in the operations of democratic government."
-------. Secrecy and Publicity. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1961. 236p. (Excerpted in Saturday Review, 13 May 1961) R281
Secrecy in government (the suppression of information critical of government officials and policies and the restrictions on access to public records) is examined alongside a parallel issue of expanding government public relations activities and the use of mass persuasion. Both secrecy and publicity are considered in terms of their simultaneous impact upon national security and individual freedom.
-------. "Secrecy in American Bureaucracy." Political Science Quarterly, 72:540-64, December 1957. R282
American political tradition holds that administrative secrecy should be "held within the narrowest limits consistent with the safety of such state secrets as must of absolute necessity be concealed from unfriendly foreign eyes." The author considers the role of secrecy, beginning with Max Weber's classic analysis of secrecy as an inherent characteristic of administrative institutions. He examines the American tradition of publicity, the recent growth of pressures for administrative secrecy, the legal basis for executive secrecy, and decisions of the courts relating to the withholding of information by government agencies.
Routledge, James. Chapters in the History of Popular Progress, Chiefly in Relation to the Freedom of the Press and Trial by Jury. 1660-1820. With an Application to Later Years. London, Macmillan, 1876. 631p. R283 §
A sympathetic account of the struggle for freedom of the press in England, with emphasis on the contributions made by eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century liberals and radicals, such men as Thomas Erskine, John Wilkes, Thomas Wooler, William Hone, Richard Carlile, John Home Tooke, Junius, William Cobbett, and the Scottish and English Jacobins. Gives a detailed treatment of the prosecution of William Hone.
Rovere, Richard H. "Letter from Washington." New Yorker, 39:163-69, 30 March 1963 R284
Comments on news management in Washington, an old practice, not limited to the executive branch but extending to Congress.
Row, C. A. "Mr. Foote and the Blasphemy Laws." Spectator, 56:1121-22, 1 September 1883. R285
Deals with the conviction of George W. Foote. Canon Row states, "I do not contend that Christianity should be protected by the civil power, but I urge that it is unendurable that its numerous professors in this country should be insulted by parodies of Him whom they consider to be the Holy One of God . . . being publicly exhibited in the streets; and that the civil power is bound to prevent it, in its capacity of conservator of the peace."
[Rowan, Archibald H.]. A Full Report of the Trial at Bar, in the Court of King's Bench, in which the Right Hon. Arthur Wolfe, His Majesty's Attorney General, prosecuted, and A. H. Rowan, Esq. was defendant. On an Information filed ex officio against the Defendant, for having published A Seditious Libel. January 29, 1794. Dublin, W. McKenzie, 1794. 116p. R286
[-------]. Report of the Trial of Archibald Hamilton Rowan, Esq. on an Information filed, ex officio, by The Attorney General for the Distribution of a Libel; with the Subsequent Proceedings thereon, containing the Arguments of Council, the Opinion of the Court, and Mr. Rowan's Address to the Court, at Full. Dublin, Printed for Archibald H. Rowan and sold by P. Byrne, 1794. 152p. (Also in MacNevin, Leading State Trials in Ireland, pp. 482-598) R287
Rowan was brought to trial for seditious libel along with Dr. Drennan and the proprietors of the Belfast Northern Star, for publication of the Address to the Volunteers by the Dublin United Irishmen. Dr. Drennan had written the address, Rowan had signed it as secretary, and the Northern Star had published it 5 December 1792.
Rowell, Chester H. "The Freedom of the Press."Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 185:182-89, May 1936. R288
The editor of the San Francisco Chronicle describes indirect restrictions on press freedom by subscribers, advertisers, and business practices.
Rowell, John A. "Black Rabbits, Red Herrings, and Lorna Doone." Pennsylvania Library Association Bulletin, 18:9-12, May 1963. R289 §
How to meet the pressures for censorship in the school library.
Rowse, Arthur E. "The Great Smokescreen." Fact, 1(2):3-9, March-April 1964. R290 §
"An editor of the Washington Post tells how fear of reprisal of tobacco advertisers kept newspapers from publicizing the link between smoking and cancer for 25 years."
Roy, P. G. "L'Emprisonnement d'Etienne Parent en 1838-39." Bulletin des Recherches Historiques, 43:216-17, July 1937. R291
Account of the imprisonment of Etienne Parent and Jean-Baptiste Fréchette, publishers of Canadien.
Rubenstein, Bernard J. "Obscenity." Brooklyn Law Review, 24:49-69, December 1957. R292
"It is about time our courts realize judicial breadth of vision is needed to help stop the moral corrosion that is eating away at our national greatness." The author accuses the judiciary with giving obscenity and subversive matters "more than fair trials" and the U.S. Supreme Court with giving them "undue preference on review and in lengthy treatment."
Rude, George. Wilkes and Liberty. A Social Study of 1763 to 1774. Oxford, Clarendon, 1962. 240p. (Oxford Paperbacks, no. 91) R293
Rugg, Harold O. "A Study in Censorship Good Concepts and Bad Words." Social Education, 5:176-81, March 1941. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 344-49) R294 §
The author of widely used social science textbooks that have frequently been attacked as "un-American," discusses concepts about America that can be mentioned in school textbooks with impunity and those that bring wide-spread protest from "the patrioteers." Rugg names those who are spearheading the attack on school textbooks.
-------. That Men May Understand; an American in the Long Armistice. New York, Doubleday, Doran, 1941. 355p. R295
An American educator and author of numerous textbooks for secondary schools, discusses the banning and burning of his books on social science. The Englewood school case is discussed in Chapter 2.
Rundell, Hugh A. The American Radio and Freedom of Speech. Madison, University of Wisconsin, 1947. 57p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) R296
Ruppenthal, J. C. "Criminal Statutes on Birth Control." Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 10:48-61, May 1919. R297
A digest of state and national laws against the dissemination of information on birth control.
Rush, Richard H. The Regulation of Network Broadcasting. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, 1950. 367p. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation) R298
Rushworth, John, ed. Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, Weighty Matters in Law, Remarkable Proceedings . . . Beginning the Sixteenth Year of King James, Anno. 1618 and Ending . . . 1648. Digested in Order of Time . . . London, R. Boulter, 1680-1701. 8 vols. R299
Contains trial proceedings and reports to Parliament on a number of cases involving freedom of the press (1618-1648), including those of Alexander Leighton, William Prynne, and John Lilburne. An Order for the Regulation of Printing, dated 14 June 1643, appears in part 3, vol. 2, pp. 335-36.
Russell, Bertrand. "The Recrudescence of Puritanism." In his Skeptical Essays, New York, Norton, 1928, pp. 124-31. R300
In this attack on the modern puritan influence in England and America, Russell cites the laws against obscene publications, which suppress much that is desirable along with the base, and the laws against birth control, whereby it is illegal to give information to a wage-earner but legal to give it to an educated person. "The harm done by the enforced ignorance . . . [is] regarded by our Puritan lawgivers as smaller evils than the hypothetical pleasure of a few foolish boys."
[-------]. Rex v. Bertrand Russell, Report of the Proceedings before the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House Justice Room, 5 June 1916. London, No-conscription Fellowship, 1916. 23p. R301
Lord Russell had been charged with violation of wartime conscription laws for his leaflet in defense of Ernest F. Everett, given 2 years at hard labor for refusing military service. Russell was fined £100 and costs. This is a publication of Lord Russell's defense.
-------. "The Taboo on Sex Knowledge." In his Marriage and Morals. New York, Liveright, 1929. (Reprinted as Bantam Classic, 1959, pp. 63-79) R302 §
A British philosopher and social critic attacks the prevailing taboo, backed by law in England and America, that declares bluntly that children and young people must not know the facts of life. He refers to the prosecutions of Margaret Sanger, Mary Ware Dennett, and Havelock Ellis. "Ignorance in sexual matters is extraordinarily harmful to the individual, and therefore no system whose perpetration demands such ignorance can be desirable."
-------. "Virtue and the Censor." Encounter, 3:8-11, July 1954. R303
"Censorship of literature, which has existed in some form in all modern civilized countries, has two main purposes: one is to prevent people from thinking about politics, and the other is to prevent them thinking about sex." The article is concerned with the latter situation in England and the legal weapons in the hands of "prurient elderly bigots," who attempt to deter the young from thinking or knowing about sex.
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