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Rabi, Isidor I. Science and Public Policy. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1960. 3p. (Publication no. 42) R1 §
A physicist argues that "to live at peace with the atom we must find our way back to the fundamental principles on which this republic was founded. We must again become a nation of free men informed by a free press."
Radcliffe, Cyril J., Lord. Censors. The Rede Lecture, 1961. Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, 1961. 32p. R2
Philosophical observations on the nature of censorship and censors; an examination of the ideas of Milton's Areopagitica in light of the more complex society of today and a new pattern of authoritarianism. Lord Radcliffe comments particularly on the implications of the Lady Chatterley's Lover trial under the 1959 Jenkins Act. The trial "marked dramatically a final turning away from the older idea that words can be things dangerous enough to merit punishment for the man who has let them loose on society . . . and an acceptance of the idea . . . that it is the evil and intended purpose only that is the badge of crime." Censorship of the future will be not so much by law as by pressures for standardization of average opinion. It is in the power of inertia that there lies a modern and effective censorship. John Sparrow, in his Independant Essays, reviews Lord Radcliffe's lecture, commenting favorably on the point of view of censorship as "the old aedile business of keeping the roads clean and the air sweet."
-------. Freedom of Information: A Human Right . . . Glasgow, Jackson, Son & Company, Publishers to the University, 1953. 30p. R3
Lord Radcliffe's lecture on the Montague Burton Foundation in the University of Glasgow, delivered 6 March 1953.
Raddatz, Leslie. "Have You Been Shocked, Outraged or Scandalized by Television?" TV Guide, 11(45):16-19, 9 November 1963. R4
A description of the work of the television network censors: Continuity Acceptance (A.B.C.), Program Practices (C.B.S.), and Broadcast Standards (N.B.C.).
-------. "Smut in the Living Room." TV Guide, 13(15):3-7, 10 April 1965. R5
A tightening of the broadcast industry's code of self-regulation may be needed if and when the present trend in movie "smut" gets to television.
Radin, Max. "The Library's Role in a Democracy Today." Wilson Library Bulletin, 16:17-20, September 1941. R6
In attempting to serve as an educator the librarian must not assume the role of the censor. There should be free access to all types of doctrines in a library and the librarian must withstand the growing pressures from various groups to reject unorthodox literature. The author believes that there are few really dangerous books and even these should be available.
"Radio Censorship and the Federal Communications Commission." Columbia Law Review, 39:447-59, March 1939. R7
It must be recognized that "there does not exist in this country any such thing as 'freedom of the air.'" The individual licensees of stations exercise a power of censorship under the guise of "editorial selection." "If radio facilities were unlimited, such censorship would be of little importance, for everyone would have an opportunity to be heard." But limited channels led to the enactment in 1927 of a regulating act on the basis of "public interest, convenience, or necessity." The article discusses the development of such regulations with reference to various court decisions.
"Radio Editorials and the Mayflower Doctrine." Columbia Law Review, 48:785-93, July 1948. R8
"In 1941, by way of dictum in a license renewal report, Mayflower Broadcasting Corp., 8 F.C.C. 333, 340 (1941), the Federal Communications Commission announced as a rule of policy that the radio broadcaster and his station should be allowed neither to editorialize nor to take a stand on any controversial matter." The article discusses the legal justification for the doctrine and its value as a policy.
Radoff, Maurice L. "Censorship among the Learned." American Mercury, 28:206-10, February 1933. R9
A professor of Romance languages writes this humorous article based on charges that works of Freud are to be found in the library of the University of North Carolina, available to anyone who wants to read them. He discusses efforts at censoring texts used by students in studying foreign literature.
Rafferty, Max, and Thomas Braden. "Should Schoolmen Serve as Censors?" Nation's Schools, 73:62-64, September 1964. R10
"That's what they're paid for, argues Max Rafferty [superintendent of public instruction for the state of California] who points out that, in education, screening is really a form of censorship." "If schoolmen must censor, Thomas Braden president of the California State Board of Education contends, their censorship should not stop pupils from learning how to use free choice."
Rainolds, John. The Overthrow Of Stage-Playes, By the way of controversie betwixt D. Gager and D. Rainolds, wherein all the reasons that can be made for them are notably refuted; the objections answered, and the case so cleared and resolved, as that the judgement of any man, that is not Froward and perverse, may easilie bee satisfied. Wherein Is Manifestly Proved, that it is not onely unlawfull to be an Actor, but a beholder of those vanities . . . Oxford, Eng., Printed by John Lichfield for E. Forrest & W. Webbe, 1629. 190p. R11
Rainolds (or Reynolds) was a prominent Puritan clergyman, one time president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
Rairigh,W. N. Judicial Opinion Concerning Censorship of Library Materials, 1926-1950. Philadelphia, School of Library Science, Drexel Institute of Technology, 1950. 59p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) R12
Raleigh, Sir Walter A. The War and the Press; a Paper Read March 14th, 1918 to the Essay Society, Eton College. Oxford, Eng., Clarendon Press, 1918. 19p. R13
The author is a literary critic, essayist, and official historian of the Royal Air Force in World War I.
Ralph, James. The Case of Authors by Profession or Trade, Stated. With Regard to Booksellers, the Stage, and the Public, No Matter by Whom . . . London, R. Griffiths, 1758. 68p. R14
This commentary on the political press of the day contains an account of Nicholas Amhurst, the author of an article in The Craftsman critical of George II. Amhurst was arrested along with the publisher, Henry Haines.
Ramsey, G.V., and M. Varley. "Censorship of the Kinsey Report." Journal of Social Psychology, 33:279-88, May 1951. R15
Ramsey, W. J. In Prison for Blasphemy . . . London, R. Forder, [1883?]. 16p. R16 §
An account of the author's nine months in Holloway Gaol following a blasphemy conviction for publication of the Freethinker.
Rand School of Social Science, New York. The Case of the Rand School. Manifesto by Civil Liberties Bureau. Seeking to Silence Truth. Letter of Samuel Untermeyer. Story of the Rand School by Algernon Lee. From Editorial Comments . . . New York, Rand School of Social Science, 1919. 16p. R17
The Rand School of Social Science was a Socialist and labor college maintained by the American Socialist Society. In addition to its instruction, it maintained a large public library and readingroom, a bookstore, and conducted a large mail-order business in Socialist publications. The School, along with a number of its faculty, came under attack during the 1920's, the result of the Lusk and the Criminal Anarchy Acts. Proceedings against the School were dropped with the repeal of the Lusk laws. Zechariah Chafee, Jr., argued that a school for adults should be given the same legal protection as newspapers and books.
Randall, James G. "The Newspaper Problem in Its Bearing upon Military Secrecy during the Civil War." American Historical Review, 23:303-23, January 1918. R18
"Acting under no effective governmental restraint, the newspapers of the North, though in many ways deserving of admiration, undoubtedly did the national cause serious injury by continually revealing military information, undermining confidence in the management of public affairs, and giving undue publicity to the virtues of ambitious generals and the sensational features of the war . . . Voluntary restraint or popular pressure had far greater effect in keeping improper material out of newspapers than official repression."
Randall, R. G. "Film Censorship." Nation and Athenaeum (London), 47:9-11, 5 April 1930. R19
Concerns political censorship of the Russian films, Mother, Ten Days That Shook the World, The Fall of St. Petersburg and The General Line, by the London County Council. The author calls for an advisory body such as counsels the Lord Chamberlain on stage censorship, that would consider the film as a serious medium of expression.
-------. "Youth and Censorship." Nation and Athenaeum (London), 45:701-3, 31 August 1929. R20
Discusses the attitude of modern youth toward obscenity, using Julian Hall's two categories - - - the sceptics and the conspirators. The modern youth believes that the laws against blasphemy, obscenity, and treason "upholster a respect for superstition that he regards as quite out of date." He demands the right to express himself rationally about royalty, frauds, obscenity, holiness, and perfectibility.
Ransom, Charles F. "Intellectual Trust v. Suppression." Library Journal, 75:262, 15 February 1950. R21
A Des Moines editor comments on the controversial books a library should buy. "You always have to compromise somewhat between 'the best' and 'the most in demand' - - - between what the community needs, what it wants, and what it will stand for. But any attitude which goes all out to avoid controversy is a betrayal of intellectual trust, and self-defeating at that."
Ransom, Harry. The First Copyright Statute: An Essay on an Act for the Encouragement of Learning, 1710. Austin, Tex., University of Texas Press, 1956. 145p. R22
An account of the first copyright law enacted by the English Parliament and the major influences on literary property in England from the establishment of Caxton's press in 1476 to the year 1710.
[Rapier, John L.]. Freedom of the Press; in the Supreme Court of the United States, ex parte in the Matter of John L. Rapier, upon a Petition for Writs of Habeas Corpus and Certiorari, against the Constitutionality of the Recent Act of Congress Generally Known as the Anti-lottery Law. n.p., n.d. 48p. R23
Deals with postal prohibition of lottery information.
Raskin, A. H. "What's Wrong With American Newspapers?" New York Times Magazine, 11 June 1967, pp. 28-29, 77-84. R24
"The real long-range menace to America's daily papers, in my judgment, lies in the unshatterable smugness of their publishers and editors, myself included."
-------. "Who Needs Newspapers?" Reporter, 33(7):33-35, 21 October 1965. R25
Criticism of the apathy on all sides toward ending the 1965 New York newspaper strike.
Ratcliff, Nora. "Censorship." In her Rude Mechanicals. A Short View of Village Drama. London, Nelson, 1938, pp. 119-30. R26
"The censorship of the Lord Chamberlain's reader is kindness, benevolence, encouragement itself, compared with the rigorous though unofficial tyranny which is exerted locally, on the village group's choice of play. The censorship is usually a tripartite one of Church, gentry, and public opinion."
[Ratcliffe, Ebenezer]. Two Letters Addressed to the Right Rev. Prelates Who a Second Time Rejected the Dissenters' Bill. London, J. Johnson, 1773. 123p. R27
A follower of Philip Furneaux, the Reverend Ratcliffe considered that the mere expression of an idea was not actionable unless such an utterance actually "produced criminal overt acts, evidently injurious to society." He considered the risk of seditious opinion as "no great price to pay for truth and the privilege of expressing our sentiments without control."
Rawnsley, H. D. "Pernicious Literature." Hibbert Journal, 10:462-68, January 1912. R28
A British clergyman protests the prevalence of obscene literature and suggests means for combating it. He urges distributors and newspapers to aid in banning it.
Ray, Roy R. "Truth: A Defense to Libel." Minnesota Law Review, 16:43-69, December 1931. R29
The author discusses the inception of this defense in English law and its growth in English and American jurisprudence. He examines the basis of the rule making truth a complete defense, showing that the rule "has obstructed the fullest usefulness of the law of libel." The rule, if in a statute, "should be amended as to make it only prima facie a defense, i.e., where there are good motives and justifiable ends."
Raymond, Allen. The Denial to the American Press of Access to Information to the Federal Government. New York, American Civil Liberties Union, 1955. 65p. R30
-------. The People's Right to Know. New York, American Civil Liberties Union, 1955. 48p. R31
Raymond, a veteran newspaper man, was commissioned by the ACLU to investigate charges that government agencies were suppressing news at its source and thus narrowing "the market-place of opinion." His report shows evidence of the validity of some of the charges.
-------. "Press Freedom v. Army Regulations." Reporter, 8:17-20, 24 June 1952. R32
Analysis of the code of regulations governing the accreditation of war correspondents to United States military commands.
[Rayner, John]. A Digest of the Law Concerning Libels: Containing All the Resolutions in the Books on the Subject and Many Manuscript Cases, with Observations. By a Gentleman of the Inner-Temple. Dublin, W. Hallhead, 1778. 139p. R33 §
The author has gathered together cases relating to definition, seizure, printing, publishing, bookselling, printing of parliamentary proceedings, informations and indictments, evidence, and punishments. The occasion for the volume was the current wave of sedition trials. Cases are presented without editorial comment. "This book it should seem might serve as an argument for the Liberty of the Press, since it shows the little Necessity there is of any further Restraint upon it, by demonstrating, that every one who prints any thing with a mischevous Intent, does so at his peril."
[-------]. An Inquiry into the Doctrine Lately Propagated, Concerning Attachments of Contempt, the Alteration of Records, and the Court of Star-Chamber. Upon the Principles of Law, and the Constitution, Particularly as They Relate to Prosecutions for Libels . . . London, Printed for J. Williams, 1769. 98p. R34
Published during a period when the English laws of libel were being challenged in the courts. In 1792 the Fox Libel Act adopted the more liberal views espoused by Thomas Erskine.
Rayner, William. "The Unstamped Press." Notes and Queries, 10 (4th ser.):367-68, 9 November 1872. R35
Notes on the history of "unstamped newspapers" of Great Britain, with a list of most of them.
Rea, Robert R. The English Press in Politics. Lincoln, Neb., University of Nebraska Press, 1963. 272p. R36
A study of the political press of England during the eighteenth century - - the controversial newspapers, pamphlets, and broadsides which provoked government officials, and their authors, printers, and publishers who suffered arrest and sometimes imprisonment for exercising their freedom. Considerable attention is given to the use of general warrants to suppress seditious libel, to the controversy over reporting the acts of parliament, to the Junius affair, and to the prosecution of such figures as John Wilkes, John Almon, and H. S. Woodfall. Sixteen contemporary illustrations include "Wilkes and Liberty," Hogarth's famous leering Wilkes, and the "Burning of North Briton No. 45."
-------. "John Almon: Bookseller to John Wilkes." Indiana Quarterly for Bookmen, 4:20-28, January 1948. R37
An account of publishing agreements and disagreements between two men who figured in the fight for freedom of the press in eighteenth-century England.
-------. "Mason, Walpole, and That Rogue Almon." Huntington Library Quarterly, 23:187-93, February 1960. R38
"In the case of Mason's satires and their publisher, John Almon, Walpole presents the misleading picture of a hapless author betrayed by a rascally bookseller for a few pieces of silver. Re-examination of the evidence and the witnesses exculpates the publisher from most of Walpole's charges and throws new light upon his relations with Mason."
Read, Allen W. "Noah Webster as a Euphemist." Dialect Notes, 6:385-91, 1934. R39
The spirit of euphemism reached its height during the 1830's when the King James version of the Bible was criticized as containing "language too foul to be uttered in decent society." Webster brought out a version of the Bible in 1833 which, in addition to removing obsolete words and expressions, he deleted or replaced those words which "cannot be uttered in families without disturbing devotion." He was concerned with frank references to parts of the body (teats were replaced by breasts), secretion and excretion (piss was removed entirely), and sex acts (whore was replaced by harlot).
Read, Herbert E. Freedom, Is It a Crime? The Strange Case of the Three Anarchists Jailed at the Old Bailey, April 1945; Two Speeches by Herbert Read. Foreword by E. Silverman. London, Freedom Press Defence Committee, 1945. 14p. (Reprinted in Twice-A-Year, Fall-Winter, 1946-47) R40
"This crime is conspiracy to cause disaffection by certain articles which appeared in War Commentary. The Jury found them guilty." The three anarchists were sentenced to nine months in prison. The pamphlet criticizes the police raid of the offices of Freedom Press and the homes of the accused anarchists for antiwar pamphlets. It calls for the restoration of peacetime freedom of speech and of the press. A Freedom Defence Committee was formed, headed by Herbert Read and including such prominent British writers as Housman, Orwell, and Priestley.
Reade, Charles. "The Prurient Prude." In Readiana; Comments on Current Events . . . London, Chatto & Windus, 1896, pp. 296-301. R41
The prurient prude, Reade wrote in 1866, "itches to attract attention by a parade of modesty . . . or even by rashly accusing others of immodesty." Reade attacks critics of his novel, Griffith Gaunt, or Jealousy, for bringing a foul mind to the reading of a sincere work of literature. He threatens libel action against the American journal, The Round Table. In the chapter "Second-Hand Libel" (Readiana, pp. 302-3) he threatens to sue publishers of the Globe and London Review for quoting an American review that stated the work is "indecent and immoral."
Reardon, William R. Banned in Boston: A Study of Theatrical Censorship in Boston from 1630 to 1950. Palo Alto, Calif, Stanford University, 1953. 253p. (Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, no. 5386) R42
A contemporized record and evaluation of theatrical censorship in Boston to which has been appended a total appraisal of Boston censorship. The first three chapters deal with legislative prohibition on the theater in Massachusetts during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries as preliminary to the major portion of the dissertation on the period from 1890 to 1950. Special attention has been given to the influence of the Watch and Ward Society and of the clergy of the Catholic Church. A tabulation of the performances censored is found on pages 231-38.
-------. "The Tradition Behind Bostonian Censorship." Educational Theatre Journal, 7:97-101, May 1955. R43
Account of the imposition of total theatrical censorship upon Boston for a period of over 160 years - - by whom it was imposed and for what reasons.
Recap. A Digest of Recent Trends in Academic Freedom in California Public Schools. Los Angeles, vol. 1, no. 1, Fall 1962. Issued periodically. R44
"Recap grew out of a concern by a group of parents, teachers, administrators, and school board members over increasing attempts to limit texts, tests, and other materials used in schools to those promoting a special viewpoint. Our chief purpose is to give sources of materials related to these irresponsible attacks."
"Recent Development in the Law of Motion Picture Censorship." St. John's Law Review, 31:93-103, December 1956. R45
A review of recent court decisions suggests that limited censorship is still constitutional and a narrow though indefinite area is still open to prior restraint.
"Recent Limitations on Free Speech and Free Press." Yale Law Journal, 48:54-80, November 1938. R46
Notes on the Los Angeles Times under the case, the right of the press to comment on "pending cases," and specific cases relating to freedom under the Wagner Act.
["Recent Prosecutions for Blasphemy"]. Christian Examiner, 16:90-95, March 1834. R47
A report on "recent" blasphemy cases in the United States, as part of a review of the Knowles biography of Roger Williams. The reviewer believes that "by the highest judicial authorities in various parts of the United States blasphemy has been adjudged as an offense against the laws of the commonwealth." He cites cases in New York and Pennsylvania. While the law does not protect particular sects, it protects offenses against religion and God. It is based, at least in part, on the power of the state to prevent corruption of morals and disturbance of the peace.
"Record of Congressional Debate on Censorship of Immoral Books." In M. S. MacLean, and Elizabeth K. Holmes, Men and Books. New York, Long and Smith, 1932, pp. 347-59. (Reprinted from the Congressional Record, vol. 72, no. 79) R48
A portion of the U.S. Senate debate between Senators Cutting and Smoot over the proposed Customs ban on obscene literature. Deals largely with the presence of Rabelais and other French classics in American libraries.
"Recruiting and the Censorship." Quarterly Review, 233:130-58, January 1915. R49
The author criticizes wartime controls of public information exerted by the Press Bureau, the Admiralty, and the War Office as, having "worked in a way inimical to recruiting." The witholding of information and the delay in transmission of news have caused grave annoyance in the United States, which fact he believes is humiliating to the British and does harm to their reputation for fair play.
"Red Hysteria." New Republic, 21:249-52, 28 January 1920. R50
Discredits the hysteria on which war censorship was largely based and Bolshevik hysteria of the postwar period on which further legislation is demanded. Includes statement from Judge George W. Anderson.
Redman, Ben Ray. "Is Censorship Possible?" Scribner's Magazine, 87:515-17, May 1930. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 213-15) R51
"Although religious and political censorship can be moderately effective, and military censorship exceedingly effective, sex-censorship has never had and never will have a chance of accomplishing a fraction of its intention." Such censorship seeks "to control an uncontrollable force by the futile expedient of eliminating external stimuli that are infinitely replaceable. Obscenity does not reside in the stimulating object, but in the determined-to-be-stimulated subject; the sin, if sin there be, is not outside us, it is within."
-------. "Obscenity and Censorship." Scribner's Magazine, 95:341-34, May 1934. R52
The author believes that the legal definition of obscenity, enunciated by Judge Woolsey in the Ulysses case, "bears no relation to the facts of life and the realities of literature." The legal concept of obscenity needs to be transformed through a change in the thought behind the law. Regardless of the fluctuations of manners and revisions of laws, censorship is generally incapable of suppressing either good or evil in the printed word.
-------. "Pictures and Censorship." Saturday Review of Literature, 19:3-4, 13-14, 31 December 1938. R53
A critique of the activities of the Hays Office. This agency, the creation of the motion picture industry, stands between the producers and the state, city, and local censor boards and between the studios and the innumerable pressure groups interested in influencing the American screen.
Redwood, Hugh. "News in War Time." Contemporary Review, 106:651-57, November 1914. R54
Review of difficulties encountered by British newspapers in obtaining and publishing war news. Criticism of the government Press Bureau, which was created primarily as a channel for official war news, but which instead constituted itself the chief censoring authority and relegated news distribution to second place.
Reece, B. Carroll. "How the Encyclopaedia Britannica Was Gobbled Up." Congressional Record, 102(11):14927-31, 26 July 1959. (Extension of remarks in the House of Representatives) R55 §
The Representative from Tennessee attacks the Encyclopaedia Britannica, acquired by the University of Chicago under Chancellor Robert M. Hutchins. This respected reference book, the Congressman charges, through a "well-conceived strategy," has used its power to influence public opinion in behalf of "Socialists of all hues," materialistic, and anticonservative and utopian thought. He calls upon Congress to take a look at economic power to mould public opinion that rests in the hands of tax-exempt foundations and institutions.
Reed, Arthur W. "The Regulation of the Book Trade before the Proclamation of 1538." Transactions, Bibliographical Society (London), 15:155-86, 1917-19. R56
An analysis of five early records (1524-28) regulating the London book trade, showing the working of the diocesan and ecclesiastical control which preceded that by the king and Privy Council. The five cases were: 1. Bishop Tunstall's first monition to the booksellers (1524). 2. The case of the Vicar-General against Wynkyn de Worde, printer (1525). 3. The case of the Vicar-General against Thomas Bartlett (1525-26). 4. Bishop Tunstall's second monition to the booksellers (1526). 5. The case of the Vicar-General against Robert Wyer, printer (1527).
Reed, Clifton. "Radio Censors Labor." Nation, 141:357, 25 September 1935. (Reprinted in Summers, Radio Censorship, pp. 181-83) R57
Deals with charges by the American Civil Liberties Union against Crosley Radio Corporation, owners of radio station WLW, Cincinnati, for practicing "unjustified and anti-labor censorship." Quotes a memorandum by the station prohibiting references to strikes in news reports.
Reed, James A. "The Liberty of the Press." In Problems of Journalism; Proceedings of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1927. Washington, D.C., ASNE, 1927, pp. 28-39. R58 §
The author is U.S. Senator from Missouri.
Reed, John. "About the Second Masses Trial." Liberator, 1:36-38, December 1918. R59
The second sedition trial against The Masses, in contrast with the first, was conducted in a less emotional atmosphere. The judge was fair-minded throughout, defending the right to criticize the government so long as it did not interfere with recruiting or cause mutiny. A disagreement of the jury was a victory for the defendant, The Masses Publishing Co. Max Eastman and Art Young were among the witnesses for the defense. Reed believes that political offenses are dealt with more harshly in the United States than anywhere in the world.
-------. "On Intervention in Russia." Liberator, 1:14-17, November 1918. R60
Deals with suppression of information as to Russian conditions by our war censorship.
Reed, John J. "Permission to Read Forbidden Books." Theological Studies, 19:586-95, December 1958. R61
Father Reed discusses some of the problems in granting permission to Catholics to read books that are on the Index.
-------. "Problems of Prohibited Books: an Exploratory Discussion." Catholic Theological Studies of America, Proceedings, 15:45-53, 1960. R62
Reed, Ralph. "Crime and the Press." Lancet-Clinic, 106:460-62, 4 November 1911. R63
Reply to an argument for freedom, Bulletin of the American Academy of Medicine, October 1911. Report of the committee on publishing the details of suicides in the public press.
Reed, Roy. "How to Lynch a Newspaper." Atlantic, 214(5):59-63, November 1964. R64
The story of Eugene Henry Wirges, an Arkansas small-town newspaper editor who tried to fight the local political machine under the Faubus regime, but was finally put out of business by a community's use of the libel law.
Reed, William. "Background of World Freedom of Information." Editor and Publisher, 80(16):13+, 12 April 1947; 80(17):18+, 19 April 1947; 80(18):108+, 26 April 1947. R65
Three articles trace progress toward the ideal of a free flow of information throughout the world: 50 Years of Resolutions Form Stage for UN Talks; Freedom v. Responsibility - - a Perennial Press Issue; U.S. at One Extreme in Responsibility Issue. The last article indicates the difference of opinion on methods of achieving freedom of world news coverage held by the American press, the State Department, and the Hutchins Commission.
Reeder, Frank G. "Prohibitions on the Publication or Distribution of Anonymous Campaign Literature." Michigan Law Review, 60:506-9, February 1962. R66
Regarding U.S. v. Scott, 195 F. Supp. 440 (1961) and Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60 (1960).
Reedy, William M. "The Censorship of Literature." Bruno's Weekly, 3:1118, 30 September 1916. R67
A protest against the efforts by the "successor of Anthony Comstock" to suppress Dreiser's The Genius. "Literary censorship is an intolerable institution. It cramps imagination and cripples invention. It has a paralytic influence upon thought. And it does not help morals in the least. Indeed, it puts a premium upon the meanest nastiness that circulates clandestinely. The best disinfectant of base art is freedom." Bruno's Weekly was edited by Guido Bruno in his Washington Square garret, New York.
-------. The Myth of a Free Press; an Address Delivered before the Missouri Press Association at Excelsior Springs, Mo., May 28, 1908 . . . St. Louis, The Mirror, 1908. 31p. R68
The editor of Reedy's Mirror deals with the economic controls of the press and the influence of the advertisers.
[Reeves, John]. "Trial at the Suggestion of the House of Commons for a Libel upon the English Constitution, 1796." In Howell, State Trials, vol. 26, pp. 529 ff. R69 §
Reeves, a Tory journalist, alarmed by the spread of reformist pamphlets and newspapers, was instrumental in forming (1792) the Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Levellers and Republicans, with its main purpose the suppression of seditious literature. A few years later Reeves himself was a victim of suppression, and the Whigs who had opposed press restraints, were the oppressors. Sheridan, backed by Pitt, demanded in Parliament that Reeves's pamphlet which had been critical of both Houses, be burnt by the common hangman and that the author be prosecuted. Reeves was brought to trial. The jury found the pamphlet "improper," but Reeves "not guilty."
Reformists' Register and Weekly Commentary. London, 1 February 1816-25 October 1817. Weekly. Edited by William Hone. R70
This short-lived periodical (two-penny sheet) was devoted to radical reform and defense of the freedom of expression. Its editor was brought to trial for libel.
Regan, John J. "The Supreme Court, Obscenity and Censorship." Catholic World, 200:142-48, December 1964. R71 §
Regnery, Henry. "Bias in Book Reviewing and Book Selection." ALA Bulletin, 60:57-62, January 1966. R72 §
This conservative publisher was asked to investigate the charges sometimes made that libraries tend to purchase liberal books and pass over conservative ones, following advice from biased book reviewing media. Regnery concludes: "I think that bias is indicated reflecting a liberal point of view in reviewing, but the conservative position, all things considered, is given a fair chance. The liberals enjoy a strong and commanding position in the communication of ideas, but a conservative who has something to say can still get a hearing."
"'Regulating' the Press." Nation, 100:348-49, 1 April 1915. R73
Editorial advising the American press to set its house in order to head off regulatory legislation.
"Regulation of Comic Books." Harvard Law Review, 68:489-506, January 1955. R74
"An effective system of self-limitation by the comic book industry would appear to be the best way to eliminate crime, horror, and sex in comic books. . . . If legal regulation is necessary, state laws prohibiting tie-in sales of comic books would be an unobjectionable means of reducing the circulation of such comic books. If it is found desirable to enact a statute prohibiting the sale of comic books, a post-publication statute limited to the sale of comic books to children would be the type least subject to constitutional objections."
"The Regulation of Films." Nation, 100:486-87, 6 May 1915. R75
Editorial commenting on the film, Birth of a Nation, and the widespread indignation and race hatred it aroused. Approves an official film censor, responsible to the mayor, as "the best way out."
"Regulation of Wireless Telegraphy." Scientific American, 106:282, 30 March 1912. R76
Discussion of a bill introduced in the Congress to regulate radio-communications.
Reichler, Oxie. "Those Homemade Iron Curtains." Nieman Reports, 5(3):19-21, July 1951. R77
The iron curtains are the restrictions imposed by state, county, and municipal agencies against access to public records and proceedings.
-------. "You Can't Print That." National Municipal Review, 47:58-61, February 1958. R78
The editor of the Yonkers Herald Statesman believes the public's business should be conducted "in a goldfish bowl." He condemns censorship in city hall.
Reid, Hugh. "What's the Matter with the Post Office." Public, 22:1041-43, 27 September 1919. R79
An historical account of the growth of Post Office censorship in the United States down to the present restrictive practices under Postmaster General Burleson. The author attacks the theory of unmailability which is extended from year to year. "We shall never have a free press in America until we wipe out the whole system of handling judicial questions by purely administrative procedure."
Reid, John C. Broadcast Defamation. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1963. 8p. (Publication no. 108) R80 §
Reifin, Melvin H. "The Constitutionality of Obscenity Laws: U.S. and Ohio." University of Cincinnati Law Review, 31:285-96, Summer 1962. R81 §
Reiner, Donald F. "Motion Picture Censorship Re-examined." Albany Law Review, 23:152-68, January 1959. R82
An examination of recent decisions of the courts, beginning in 1952 with the Joseph Burstyn v. Wilson case in which the U.S. Supreme Court reversed its field and decided that the First and Fourteenth Amendments do clearly require the states to apply protection to motion pictures. The author explores the idea of the abolition of all film censorship.
Reitman, Alan. "The Battle Continues on Subtler Levels." Censorship, 1:30-36, Autumn 1964. R83 §
In this survey of the censorship scene in the United States, the author notes that "traditional forms of censorship, governmental bans or prosecutions, are not today's major pressure points." New and complex methods being substituted include "harassment by private groups, extra-legal coercion (some direct and some subtle) and classification of material for specialized audiences."
Reitman, Benjamin L. "Cleveland Myth." Mother Earth, 11:761-65, February 1917. R84 §
Story of the trial and conviction of Reitman for giving birth control information.
Reitzel, William. "William Cobbett and Philadelphia Journalism: 1794-1800." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 59:223-44, 1935. R85
Includes an account of Cobbett's Porcupine's Gazette and the libel against Dr. Benjamin Rush.
"Religious Bigotry and Persecution in the United States." Secular Thought, 24:169-70, 14 April 1900. R86
References to the exclusion of free-thought papers from Canada.
Religious Liberty Association. Freedom, Civil and Religious; the American Conception of Liberty for Press, Pulpit and Public, as Guaranteed in the Federal Constitution. Washington, D.C. Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1920. 128p. R87
"Religious Prosecutions and Free Discussion." In Free Thinkers' Information for the People. 1:165-71, 1842. R88
The author attacks Christians for their intolerance. They "boast a long array of martyrs" who have flouted the orthodoxy of their time; but now that they are in power they crush those who differ with them. Truth can only be determined by free discussion; falsehood requires coercion.
Remmers, D. H. "Recent Legislative Trends in Defamation by Radio." Harvard Law Review, 64:727-58, March 1951. R89
The study deals with the advisability of legislation relieving a radio station from liability for defamations broadcast by it in instances in which the speaker was not a member of the staff and where the station could not, by exercise of due care, have prevented the utterance. "The solution of the proposed federal legislation and the Port Huron case, denying the right of censorship but exempting from liability for defamation, provides a fair and workable solution."
Remmo, C. G. "Freedom of the Press." Notre Dame Lawyer, 20:314-21, March 1945. R90
A brief review of the restrictions placed on freedom of the press in the area of obscenity and wartime sedition. Even these restrictions need to be guarded zealously.
[Remson, Evelyn S.] "Constitutional Law--Criminal Contempt News Photographs." Brooklyn Law Review, 23:304-6, April 1957. R91 §
A case involving the infrared photographing of a convicted murderer enroute to the courtroom for sentencing raises questions in the interpretation of the American Bar Association Canon 35.
"Repeal of the Blasphemy Laws." Spectator, 59:476-77, 10 April 1886. R92
Criticism of Courtney Kenny's bill in Parliament "to abolish Prosecutions against Laymen for the Expression of Opinions on matters of Religion." Any such bill should also contain protection of the individual whose religious beliefs are insulted by scurrilous speech or writing.
The Report on Radio. Winnipeg, Winnipeg Free Press, 1951. 28p. (Winnipeg Free Press Pamphlet, no. 36) R93
Editorial comments on the Massey Commission report on radio and television in Canada. The report considered broadcasting as a state monopoly operated and controlled in the pulic interest. Private broadcasting should be part of the national system, subject to control of the public corporation, the C.B.C.
Repplier, Agnes. "Good News and Bad." Commonweal, 3:16-17, 11 November 1925. R94
This American author disagrees with the policy of the Christian Science Monitor "to avoid reporting crimes, disasters, epidemics, deaths or trifling gossip." The world the Monitor describes is not the world we live in. Crime and disaster should be reported because they exist.
Representation of the Impiety and Immorality of the English Stage; with Reasons for Putting a Stop Thereto; and Some Questions Addrest to Those Who Frequent the Play-house. 3d ed. London, 1704. 12p. R95
The Republican. London, 1817-26. Weekly. R96
The Republican was started in 1817 by W. T Sherwin, with Richard Carlile as distributor. Its name was changed after a few issues to Sherwin's Political Register, and continued under that name until 27 August 1819 when Carlile took it over and renamed it The Republican. Except for the year 1821, when the paper was dropped, it continued until 1826, edited by Richard Carlile and, when he was in jail, by his wife, his sister, or his shopmen. The Republican carried accounts of the various sedition trials, including those of the Carliles, the Carlile shopmen, and Henry and Leigh Hunt.
"The Requirement of Scienter in Obscenity Statutes." De Paul Law Review, 9:250-54, Spring-Summer 1960. R97
Resnick, Edward H. "Prior Restraint--the Constitutional Question." Boston University Law Review, 42:357-72, Summer 1962. R98
A discussion of "recent developments relating to the doctrine of prior restraints and the historical development of the doctrine, including a discussion of the area of communication to which it has been applied. There will be no consideration of censorship in radio or television, which come within the aegis of the Federal Communications Commission, or of the large number of cases which has been decided under the censorship statutes applicable to the Post Office Department." Areas of application include newspapers and books, speech in public places, distribution of literature, and motion pictures. Special attention is given to the case of Times Film Corp. v. Chicago, 365 U.S. 43 (1961), which "removed the last vestige of absoluteness from the prior restraint doctrine."
Reston, James B. "Secrecy and the Reporter." Atlantic, 185:39-42, April 1950. R99
Diplomatic correspondent of the New York Times says too much national policy is fully formed in these days before press and the public are let in on the facts. Calls for earlier action, and more of it, by the reporters.
-------, and Murray Kempton. "The Right to Know v. the Right to Strike." New Republic, 148(13):15-18, 30 March 1963. R100
The text of Reston's column on the New York newspaper strike, censored from the 12 January 1963 New York Times western edition and wire service, with Kempton's comments on Reston's stand.
"The Restraint of Libellous Publications." Law Times, 53:112-13, 15 June 1872. R101
The case of A'Beckett v. Mortimer.
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