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Morgan, Charles. "Censorship of Books." Review of Reviews (London), 82:56-57, November 1932; discussion, 83:87, January 1933; 83:84, February 1933. M506
The author of The Fountain disagrees with a proposal of the Morality Council of London that books in England be placed under a censorship similar to that of films. The public is already adequately protected from pornography and obscenity under existing laws. Any further censorship ofbooks would endanger ideas in politics and religion as well as in the realm of love. Do not pass a general censorship in order to meet a particular case; do not restrict literature at its source in order to restrict your daughter's reading.
Morgan, Charles, Jr. "The Freedom to Read and Racial Problems." ALA Bulletin, 59:484-90, June 1965. M507
"From the Negro revolution has come a new literature and new expressions ofold sensitivity. Public school curricula come under attack; books are viewed for their racelessness or for their dedication to southern ways; and sex and race combine to arouse the ire of the censors." The author, a Birmingham lawyer and director of the Southern regional office of the American Civil Liberties Union, describes the efforts at racial censorship in the South - "the white southerner frantically clinging to the last straws of his youth" - and efforts of The Movement in the North to "wipe clean the slate of literature" by censoring those works which the emancipated Negro finds offensive.
Morgan, Edward P. "Censorship." In his Clearing the Air. Washington, D.C., Robert B. Luce, 1963, pp. 155-62. M508
Includes two radio broadcast essays dealing with muzzling the military and one essay on academic freedom.
Morgan, James A. The Law of Literature . . . New York, James Cockcrofr, 1875. 2 vols. M509
Volume one contains sections on the libel laws as they relate to literature newspapers, periodicals, and books. The appendix contains text of American, English, French, and German copyright laws then in force.
Morgan, Murray. "Books They Don't Want You to Read." Cosmopolitan, 64:130-34, April 1950. M510
U.S. Customs censorship and the work of Huntington Cairns, chief literary advisor.
Morgan, Robert S. Section 315 of the Communications Act of 1934: An Overview of the Development of Political Broadcast Regulation. Boston, Boston University, 1960. 321p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) M511
Morgenthau, Hans J. "The Democratic Dilemma." Yale Political, 3(1):15, 27-28, Autumn 1963. M512
"Can a democratic nation suppress antidemocratic idealogies and still maintain its democratic integrity? My answer is in the negative." The suppression of antidemocratic minorities as a legitimate act of democratic self- defense tends to degenerate into the illegitimate suppression of all dissent.
Morris, J. Conway. "Literary Censorship and the Law." Quarterly Review, 252:18-27, July 1929. M513
Prompted by the reading of Ernst and Seagle's book, To the Pure, the author comments on sex censorship in England. He considers the historical development of the law and interpretation by the courts. He shows that the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 was not intended to deal with works of literary importance and that the Hicklin decision, now the basis for many actions, is difficult to reconcile with the basic act. Parliamentary action may be necessary
Morris, James. "Reflections on the Chatterley Case." New York Times Magazine, 4 December 1960, p. 24. M514
Morris, Jill. "The New Look In Nudes." U.S. Camera, 26(7):58-61, 72-77, July 1963. M515
"America's growing sexual and social freedom provides new opportunities for nude photography . . . Nudity today is hardly a thing to be shocked at. Proofof this lies in the increasing degree in the last 10 years to which nudity has entered all of our communications media - movies, theater, magazines, advertising, and television.
Morris, Joe Alex. "How Your News is Censored." Saturday Evening Post, 213(27):18-19, 64-66, 4 January 1941. M516
How the censors of Europe work to prevent foreign correspondents from telling all the facts. Efforts by American correspondents to evade the censor have been ingenious but not too successful. A comparison of wartime censorship techniques used by the British, Germans, and Russians.
Morris, Richard B. "Freedom of Expression: Its Past and Its Future." New York History, 31:115-35, April 1950. M517
Incidents in the history of freedom of the press in America, beginning with the Zenger trial.
[Morris, Robert]. A Letter to Sir Richard Aston, Knt., one of the judges of His Maiesty's Court of King's Bench, Containing a reply to his scandalous abuse, and some Thoughts on the modern doctrine of Libels. 2 d ed. London, George Pearch, 1770. 68p. M518
An English lawyer and secretary of the Society for Supporters of the Bill of Rights criticizes Judge Mansfield for denying the jury's right to accept truth as a defense in a libel trial as "the most pernicious and abominable doctrine."
Morrow, Marco. "Is the Press Free?" Quill, 18(9):10-13, September 1930. M519
Pros and cons on press freedom. The press has more freedom than it knows how to use and has the courage to use. The press is only as free as the public demands.
Morrow, William L. Some Constitutional Aspects of the Communications Act of 1934. Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, 1938. 91p. (Ph. D. dissertation) M520
Limited to consideration of emergency powers, including wartime controls.
Morse, Arthur D. "Who's Trying to Ruin Our Schools?" McCall's, 78:26-27+, September 1951. M521
An account of the attack on the public schools, including social studies textbooks, made by Allen Zoll (National Council for American Education), Lucille Cardin Crain (Educational Reviewer), and others concerned with "subversion.
Morse, J. M. "Forever Amber; Defendant at Trial in Suffolk County Superior Court, Boston." New Republic, 116:39-40, 6 January 1947. M522
The novel was ultimately cleared of obscenity charges by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.
Morse, Sidney. The Siege of University City; the Dreyfus Case of America. St. Louis, University City Publishing Co., 1912. 772p. M523
"The arbitrary discretion exercised by the Postmaster- General under existing postal laws hangs like a veritable sword of Damocles over the periodical publishers of the United States." A lengthy and spirited defense of Edward Gardner Lewis, St. Louis promoter- publisher, whose two periodicals, Woman's Magazine and Woman's Farm Journal, were denied second- class mailing privileges by the U.S. Post Office on grounds of the questionable business practices of the publisher. One chapter is devoted to a history of the second- class postage act of 1879 and its administration.
Morse, Wayne. "Censorship and the Public's Right to Know." Yale Political, 3(1):11, 26-27, Autumn 1963. M524
"Freedom of the press, according to Senator Morse, implies an often ignored dependent freedom of access to information. Without such access, he contends that neither Congress nor the people can fulfill their responsibilities of legislating and voting."
Mortimer, John. "The Lord Chambetlain." Censorship, 4:3-8, Autumn 1965. M525
"The censorship of plays in England [by the Lord Chamberlain] is performed in a manner that is so ludicrous and outdated that its abolition is only a matter of time."
Morton, James F., Jr. Do You Want Free Speech? Home, Wash., The Author, [1902?]. 16p. M526
The author, active in the Free Speech League, charges a "corrupt religio- political clique" with attempting to suppress all thought in America that they consider blasphemous, immoral, or seditious. He views Comstockism as a wedge to control all deviant points of view. "Comstock is the greatest enemy of purity in the United States, as Philip the Second of Spain was in reality the deadliest foe of Christianity, and as those who suppress the utterance of Anarchist opinions are the worst traitors to the government they profess to adore." In addition to attacks on "Comstockism" the author attacks the suppression of freedom by American imperialists in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, the persecution of anarchist expression, and the crushing of progressive papers in the interest of postal economy - the latter which he terms "Maddenism" after Edwin C. Madden, third assistant Postmaster General.
-------. The Rights of Periodicals. The Most Dangerous of Assassins is he who Strikes at the Liberty of the Press. New York, The Author, 1905. 32p. (Reprinted from the Public, 26 August 1905) M527
The author charges Post Office bureaucracy with misuse of its powers to classify second- class matter, allegedly for economy reasons, but actually in the interest of suppressing "personal advertising."
-------. "Origin and Working of the Comstock Law." Birth Control Review, 3:5-7, May 1919. M528
Use of the Comstock law in suppression of birth control information.
-------. "Our Foolish Obscenity Laws." Case and Comment, 23:23-27, June 1916. (Reprinted in Publishers' Weekly, 8 July 1916) M529
The obscenity statutes place "the liberty of every citizen in the hands of a jury who have no criterion imposed on them beyond that of their own prejudices." He calls the obscenity laws outrageous and would do away with all of them, keeping instead a pornography law, "exactly and specifically defined so as to allow no room for quibbling . . . All beyond this is undemocratic, against the constitutional right of freedom of expression."
Mosby, Thomas S. "The Anglo- Saxon Crime." Arena, 36:373-75, October 1906. M530
Opposes censorship by "contempt of court" proceedings.
Moskin, Morton. "Inadequacy of Present Tests as to What Constitutes Obscene Literature." Cornell Law Quarterly, 34:442-47, Spring 1949. M531
Notes on Doubleday v. New York, 335 U.S. 848, involving Edmund Wilson's Memoirs of Hecate County. The courts have failed to hit upon a reasonably predictable test for obscenity.
Moss, John E. Local Battlers Needed for FOI Rounds. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1958. 3p. (Publication no. 4) M532
Excerpts from a speech by the chairman of the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Government Information, discussing the campaign of California editors for the passage of public record bills. "The battle for freedom of information begins on the local level."
-------. What You Don't Know Will Hurt You. Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1959. 15p. (The John Peter Zenger Award for Freedom of the Press, 1958) M533
The 1958 award went to Congressman John E. Moss in recognition of his work as chairman of the Subcommittee on Government Information of the Government Operations Committee and his efforts to remove restrictions on government information.
Mother Earth. New York, 1906-18. Monthly. M534
This anarchist journal was founded by Emma Goldman and for many years was edited by her. It frequently espoused the cause of freedom of the press and speech for radicals and in the area of sex expression and birth control. The July 1915 issue reports the trial and imprisonment of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. The April 1916 issue was devoted to birth control, centered around the prosecution of Emma Goldman in New York for distribution of birth control leaflets. Mother Earth and many other radical journals that ran into difficulty with the censor are listed in Walter Goldwater, Radical Periodicals in America, 1890-1950, Yale University Press, 1964.
Motion Picture Association of America. An Advertising Code for Motion Pictures and Regulations for Its Administration. New York, The Association, 1950. 4p. M535
The Advertising Code was first adopted in 1930; amended in 1947 and in 1950. The purpose is "to apply to motion picture advertising, publicity and exploitation, within their range, the high principles which the Production Code applies to the content of motion pictures."
-------. Censorship Classification of Films in Britain. New York, The Association, 1961. 4p. mimeo. M536
A report on the work of the British Board of Film Censors and its system of film classification that began in 1913. The Association considers the system unsatisfactory.
-------. The Free Screen; Statement of the Motion Picture Association of America before a Committee of the United States Congress. Washington, D.C., The Association, 1960. 16p. (U.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Postal Operations. Hearings, 2 February 1960) M537
Four representatives of the Association testify before the Subcommittee that was making a study of obscene and pornographic materials, defending self- regulation of the movies under the Production and Advertising Codes.
-------. Memorandum: Motion Picture Classification. New York, The Association, 1960. 13p. mimeo. M538
A collection of statements and quotations opposed to government classification of films as a form of censorship. The system of government classification used in Great Britain and many other countries has not taken root in the United States, the report asserts, because "classification in this country has been for long the devoted, jealous and democratic privilege of citizens . . . groups and publications as opposed to government agencies. This is right and proper for a heterogeneous society such as ours.
-------. The Motion Picture Production Code. New York, The Association, 1956. 12 p. (Earlier editions are reproduced in the appendix of Moley's Hays Office and in Inglis' Freedom of the Movies) M539
An industry- adopted moral code to regulate content of motion pictures, first adopted by the so- called "Hays Office" in 1930 and revised from time to time. The general principles state that no picture shall be produced which will lower the moral standards of those who see it; that correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama and entertainment, shall be presented; and that law - divine, natural, or human - shall not be ridiculed. The Code deals with specific applications with respect to crime, brutality, sex, vulgarity, obscenity, blasphemy and profanity, costumes, religion, national feelings, and cruelty to animals.
-------. Self-Regulation in the Motion Picture Industry. New York, The Association, 1938. 31p. M540
Report by Will H. Hays, president. Hays assumed active direction of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America in 1922. At the request of the new `czar' Eric Johnston, the official name of the regulatory organization was changed to the Motion Picture Association of America in 1945.
-------. A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Motion Picture Classification by State Censors. New York, The Association, [1960?]. 4p. M541
A statement in opposition to film classification by any government agency.
"Motion Picture Censorship - A Constitutional Dilemma." Maryland Law Review, 14:284-98, Summer 1954. M542
Notes on Superior Films, Inc. v. Department of Education of the State of Ohio and Film Censorship Division and Commercial Pictures Corp. v. Regents of the University of State of New York, 346 U.S. 587 (1954).
"Motion Picture Censorship: The Aftermath of Burstyn v. Wilson." Northwestern University Law Review, 49:390-99, July-August 1954. M543
"In the United States the status of film censorship still remains unsettled after the two most recent Supreme Court decisions."
Motion Picture Theater Owners of America. Case Against Cernorship: A Brief Compendium of Facts, Figures and Arguments Showing the Follies and Failures of Censorship. New York, MPTOA, 1921. 8p. M544
"Motion Pictures and the First Amendment." Yale Law Journal, 60:696 -719, April 1951. M545
A documented review of court decisions on movie censorship. The author believes that there will be a "temptation to use the present highly discretionary powers of administrative regulations" as movies attempt to present controversial subjects. The First Amendment protection will then become more important.
"Motion Pictures: Safety and Decency." Outlook, 103:103, 18 January 1913. M546
Comments on an ordinance befbre the New York Board of Aldermen providing safeguards as to health conditions, fire risks, etc., in the operation of movies. An amendment provided that no licenses would be issued except to movies approved by censors appointed by the Board of Education. Mayor Gaynor vetoed the bill on the ground that no censorship should be established by law to control what may or may not be printed or published. The editor calls for a separation of the two issues - safety and censorship.
Mott, Frank L. American Journalism; a History, 1690-1960. 3d ed. New York, Macmillan, 1962. 901p. M547
There are frequent references in this work to episodes involving freedom of the press. Chapter 8, covering the period 1783 to 1801, describes the persecution of editors and publishers under the Sedition Act. In chapter 18, Attitudes Toward the Press, Mott discusses the attacks on the abolitionist press, including the murder of Lovejoy; in chapter 36, he gives an account of censorship during World War II. There are references throughout to cases of newspaper libel
-------. Jefferson and the Press. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1943. 65p. (Journalism Monographs no.2) M548
Mott has examined Jefferson's philosophy of the press, particularly the controversy over the apparent contradictions in ideas appearing in letters to friends over a period of years. He finds no real inconsistency. Despite all that Jefferson suffered from a hostile press, he held to his basic principle of a free press. "Jefferson stands out as the foremost exponent in history of a free press in any system of popular government. No other man has stated that principle so well."
-------. ed. Journalism in Wartime. Washington, D.C., American Council on Public Affairs, 1943. 216p. M549
A collection of 32 articles dealing with problems of the press in World War II. Four articles deal with censorship: The American Way by Byron Price, director of the Office of Censorship; The Use and Abuse of Restraints by Palmer Hoyt, publisher of the Portland Oregonian; The Battle for News by Erwin D. Canham, managing editor of the Christian Science Monitor; and Dispatches Going Abroad by Raymond Clapper, columnist for the Scripps- Howard papers.
-------, and Ralph D. Casey, eds. Interpretations of Journalism: A Book of Readings. New York, Crofts, 1937. 534p. M550
The section on Freedom of the Press includes the following documents: John Milton's Areopagitica, Andrew Hamilton's Address to the Jury in the Zenger Case, Alexander Hamilton's and Melancton Smith's Debate on a Constitutional Provision for Liberty of the Press, Thomas Erskine's Defense of Thomas Paine, several Thomas Jefferson letters showing his theory of the unfettered press, an excerpt from James Madison's The Danger of Tampering with Liberty of the Press, Alexander Hamilton's The Right to Criticize Public Men (from the case of the People v. Harry Croswell), Alexis de Tocqueville's Liberty of the Press in the United States (from his Democracy in America), Clarence K. Streit's The Problem of False News (a report to the League of Nations), William Allen White's editorial To an Anxious Friend, and Charles Evans Hughes's Decision in the Minnesota "Gag- Law" Case. There is also a section on newspaper ethics.
"Movie Censorship." Life, 21:79-82, 84, 28 October 1946. M551
Illustrations of scenes banned from movies under the Motion Picture Production Code.
"Movie Censorship Standards under the First Amendment." De Paul Law Review, 9:44-51, Autumn-Winter 1959. M552
"Movies and Censorship." In Carroll C. Arnold, et al., The Speaker's Source Book; an Anthology, Handbook, and Glossary. Chicago, Scott, Foresman, 1961, pp. 121-28. (C.B.S. "Small World" Telecast, 10 April 1960) M553
Guests on Edward R. Murrow's discussion program, "Small World," were Monsignor John J. McClafferty of Catholic University of America and formerly secretary of the Legion of Decency; Deborah Kerr, actress; and Otto Preminger, producer- director, whose movie, The Moon Is Blue, was condemned by the Legion of Decency. The program, filmed and edited by Murrow and Fred W. Friendly, was a unique four- way transoceanic conversation, with participants located in Washington, D.C., Switzerland, Rome, and Hong Kong.
"The Movies on the Water Wagon." Literary Digest, 29:28-29, 7 August 1926. M554
"Anything making light of the Prohibition Law and of law in general is voluntarily to be excluded from the movies," a ruling adopted at a meeting of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. Most of the press commended the action.
"Moving Pictures and Child Welfare." School and Society, 7:55-57, 12 June 1918. (Reprinted from The Child, London) M555
A review of the report of the cinema commission appointed by the National Council of Public Morals (Great Britain) which recommended state censorship.
Mowrer, Paul S. "War and Journalism." In Pierce Butler, ed., Books and Libraries in Wartime. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1945, pp. 67-87. M556
A veteran foreign correspondent discusses conflicts and compromises of war reporting and censorship. In general he approves of the conduct of the system of voluntary censorship on the home front, but is critical of the operation of military censorship in battle zones abroad. He makes two criticisms of the handling of war news by American newspapers - a tendency to minimize failure and exaggerate success, and a tendency to give disproportionate credit for war effort to our own troops.
[Moxon, Edward]. "Trial of Edward Moxon for publishing a blasphemous libel before Lord Denman, L.C.J., and a special jury in the Court of Queen's Bench at Westminster, June 23, 1841." In Macdonell, Report of State Trials, vol. 3, pp. 693- 722. M557
A brief account of this case against Moxon for publication of Shelley's Queen Mab is given in Harold G. Merriam, Edward Moxon, New York, Columbia University Press, 1939, pp. 101-3.
Mozley, E. N. "The Government, Religious Liberty, and the BBC." Hibbert Journal, 44:125-31, January 1946. M558
"A very sharp criticism of the B.B.C.'s policy of denying time for religious broadcasts by those (e.g., Unitarians and Friends) whose doctrines are not in the mainstream of the Christian tradition."
-------. "Religious Liberty, and the B.B.C." Hibbert Journal, 40:38-48, October 1941. M559
Article protests the broadcasting on B.B.C. of religious programs limited to the interests of orthodox Christianity and confined to the Christian tradition.
Muddiman, Joseph G. "Benjamin Harris, the First American Journalist." Notes & Queries, 163:129-33, 147-50, 166-70, 273, (1932). M560
The publisher of the first newspaper in what is now the United States. The paper was suppressed after the first issue.
[-------]. A History of English Journalism to the Foundation of the Gazette, by J. B. Williams, pseud. . . . London, Longmans, Green, 1908. 293p. M561
"Much of the harsh criticism directed against them [seventeenth- century periodicals] by contemporaries was due to defective intelligence, the corrupt system of licensing, or the even more shameful official press. The liberty of the press was closely connected with liberty in religious matters, and it is noteworthy that in both, toleration appeared simultaneously. Freedom from the tutelage of an official licenser was not obtained until the year 1695, and before the attainment of that freedom this book ends (1665)."
Mueller, Gerhard O. W. "Problems Posed by Publicity to Crime and Criminal Proceedings." University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 110:1-26, November 1961. M562
The article attempts to present "the issues at stake and the American efforts to reduce the ferocity of conflict between the right to know, so important for intelligent popular government . . . and the right to be free from criminal depredations, which demands a certain amount of secret strategy against crime, an atmosphere of calm judicial determination . . . and possibly even restraint in providing the public with information about crime."
[Muggleton, Lodowick]. "A Modest Account of the Wicked Life of that grand Impostor, Lodowick Muggleton: . . . 1676." In Harleian Miscellany, vol. 1, pp. 610-12. M563
[-------]. True Narrative of the Proceedings at the Sessions- House in the Old Bayley, at a Sessions There Held on Wednesday the 17th of January 1676/7. Giving a Full Account of the True Tryal and Sentence of Lodowick Muggleton for Blasphemous Words and Books. London, 1676/7. Edition printed in London by T. Fever in 1808. 24p. M564
In 1652 Muggleton and his cousin John Reeve, members of a band of religious fanatics who considered themselves vested with prophetic gifts and divine powers, published a work entitled Transcendent Spiritual Treatise. For this they were charged with blasphemy in denying the Trinity and were committed to prison for six months. Muggleton argued during his trial that a temporal court had no jurisdiction over a religious matter. In 1677 he was again brought to trial for a book, Neck of the Quakers Broken. He was convicted, fined, pilloried, and his books ordered burned over his head. He spent six months in jail in default of the fine. Schroeder, in his Constitutional Free Speech, summarizes the Muggleton case and cites further contemporary references both favorable and unfavorable to the accused.
Muir, Thomas. An Account of the Trial of Thomas Muir, Younger, of Huntershill, before the High Court of Justiciary, at Edinburgh. On the 30th and 31st Days of August, 1793, for Seditious Practices . . . Edinburgh, printed for William Creech, 1793. 135p. M565
Muir, a supporter of the French Revolution and leader in British constitutional reform, was charged with circulating the works of Thomas Paine. An able lawyer, Muir conducted his own defense, but Lord Braxfield, presiding as Lord Chief Clerk, recommended conviction and the jury dutifully obliged. Muir was sentenced to fourteen years' transportation to Botany Bay. This miscarriage of justice became a cause c`el`ebre on both sides of the Atlantic. The case of Muir and that of Thomas F. Palmer were brought before the House of Commons, but in vain. The events that followed were no less than melodramatic. American sympathizers outfitted a privateer which rescued Muir from Botany Bay, shortly after his arrival. The ship was wrecked on the coast of California and after a hectic voyage in a Spanish warship, a sea battle with the British in which he was wounded, Muir finally arrived in Paris where he was given a hero's welcome. Muir died in France in 1799, the result of his exhausting travels. In 1837 the Town Council of Edinburgh erected a monument to Muir and the other martyrs of the Scottish sedition trials - Muir, Gerrald, Palmer, Skirving, and Margarot.
[-------]. "Trial in the High Court of Justiciary for Sedition, 1793." In Howell, State Trials, vol. 23, pp. 117ff; in Borrow, Celebrated Trials, vol. 5, pp. 205-12; in Cockburn, Examination of Trials for Sedition in Scotland, vol. 1, pp. 144-83. M566
[-------]. The Trial of Thomas Muir, Younger, of Huntershill, . . . before the High Court of Justiciary, upon Friday and Saturday the 30th and 31st days of August, 1793. On a Charge of Sedition . . . with an Elegant Portrait of Mr. Muir. To Which is Annexed an Appendix; Containing all the Papers referred to in the course of the Trial . . . Edinburgh, Printed for and sold by Alexander Scott. [1793?]. 71p. plus 16p. M567
Proceeds from the sale of this edition of the trial were, at Mr. Muir's request, to be used for the relief of poor prisoners.
Muir, Willa. Mrs. Grundy in Scotland. London, Routledge, 1936. 187p. M568
The effect of the imaginary Mrs. Grundy, who "suspected licentiousness in everything outside the home," on the code of propriety in Victorian Scotland.
Muldoon, J. J. "Press Participation in Criminal Trials." Chicago- Kent Law Review, 33:338-43, September 1955. M569
A review of recent court decisions involving the proper conduct of criminal trials and the freedom of the press to cover such trials.
Mullaly, Charles J. "Does It Pay Editors to Insult Catholics?" America, 38:436-37, 11 February 1928. M570
The author describes the activity of a Catholic action group, the Washington Truth Society, that conducted a campaign of boycott against newspapers that printed false information about Catholic nuns. The group worked on advertisers, news dealers, and on other newspapers.
Mulroy, Thomas R. "Obscenity, Pornography and Censorship." American Bar Association Journal, 49:869-75, September 1963. M571
The author examines the U.S. Supreme Court's recent pronouncements on obscenity and points out that, even if the Court is moving toward a test that would bar only "hard- core" pornography, there is still no judicially approved definition of the term.
Mumby, Frank A. Publishing and Bookselling; a History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 4th ed. London, Cape, 1956. 442p. M572
This general history of the book trade contains numerous references to press restrictions, from the suppression of the Tyndale New Testament to revision of the libel laws in 1952, and includes early licensing by church and government, the Marprelate tracts, the action of the Star Chamber against printers, the crusade of the Levellers, and L'Estrange's harsh rule as censor during the Restoration.
Mumford, L. Quincy. "Report from Cleveland." Library Journal, 78:788-89, 1 May 1953. M573
The librarian of the Cleveland Public Library opposes a broad censorship ordinance before the Cleveland City Council.
Mundt, Karl E. "Government Control of Sources of Information." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 250:26-31, March 1947. M574
A Congressman describes conditions of government thought- control in Europe and urges American people to guard against any, even slight, attempt in this country. He cites as the first departure of our rule of freedom the 1942 Supreme Court ruling which permits the FCC to consider the content of radio programs as a factor in determining whether to renew a station's license.
Munford, W. A. "Public Library and the Left." Library Association Record, 40:74-75, February 1938. M575
It is the duty of the public librarian to have representative left wing publications in the library, even though it may not always be possible to balance them by comparable right wing publications.
-------. "Selection or Censorship?" Library World, 36:207-9, March 1934. M576
"Book selection means the choice of . . . the best books. In censorship some other criterion is superimposed . . . Amateur censors must receive no quarter."
Munn, Melvin. "Dirt Is Never Clean." Life Line, No. 67-M, 16 June 1965. (Published script of a Washington, D.C., radio program, sponsored by Life Line Foundation) M577
"In the name of modern 'culture' every art form known to our people has been invaded, to some degree, by smut merchants who thrive on ignorance, curiosity, and intellectual snobbishness. . . . Despite recent rulings of courts, including the United States Supreme Court, that give protection and comfort to some of the worst offenders of American life, the general public wants this traffic stopped."
-------. "Pornography & the Pornographer." Life Line, No. 35, 1 December 1965. (Published script of a Washington, D.C., radio program, sponsored by Life Line Foundation) M578
Comments about Playboy, the UNESCO translation of The Life of An Amorous Woman, the publishing activity of David Zentner, Ralph Ginzburg, and Maurice Girodius.
-------. "Smut Fighters." Life Line, No. 18-D, 6 August 1965. (Published script of a Washington, D.C., radio program, sponsored by Life Line Foundation) M579
Comments on the antiobscenity campaign of the General Federation of Women's Clubs; the Washington, D.C., Conference to Combat Obscenity; action against the movie, Kiss Me, Stupid, by students of Aquinas High School, Augusta, Ga.; organization of a speakers' bureau against indecent literature by the Knights of Columbus, Arlington, Va.; and other efforts to fight obscenity.
Munn, Ralph. "Book Selection in the Large Public Library." In Freedom of Communication; Proceedings of the First Conference on Intellectual Freedom . . . Chicago, American Library Association, 1954, pp. 44-49. M580
-------. "Segregation of Questionable Material." In American Library Association, Freedom of Communications, Proceedings of the First Conference on Intellectual Freedom. Chicago, 1954, pp. 44-49. (Reprinted in Daniels, Censorship of Books, pp. 177-82) M581
The director of Pittsburgh's Carnegie Library identifies seven types of materials relating to Russia and communism: (1) official expositions of communism by Marx, Engels and others, (2) biographies, (3) histories, (4) factual explanations of the Soviet system of government, (5) official yearbooks and statistical documents, (6) popular books dealing with the current scene, and (7) undisguised propaganda, such as the Daily Worker. Munn would accept all forms and make them freely available except for those items in category six that are disguised Russian propaganda. He would reject these (except by way of examples of propaganda) on the ground that "a book shall be honest, that it shall be what it purports to be." A discussion of this point of view follows.
Munro, W. Carroll. "Cameras Don't Lie." Current History, 46:37-42, August 1937. M582
Newsreels of the clash between police and strikers at the gates of the Republic Steel Corporation in South Chicago were suppressed by Paramount and testimony "essential to the case of labor" withheld. The newsreels were later released.
Munroe, Pat. "Government Secrecy." Nieman Reports, 10(2):6-8, April 1956. M583
Congress, now intent upon investigating secrecy in the executive branch of government, should put its own house in order.
Murphy, C. B. "Sex, Censorship, and the Church." Bell (Dublin), 2:11-30, September 1941. M584
The editor charges that Irish censorship goes far beyond what is required by the canons of the Church and is "an attempt of Victorianism to survive in Ireland after the English people, including the English Catholics, had very sensibly dropped it." Furthermore, "the average Irish mind has not, and perhaps never had, a properly balanced outlook upon sex. Either it runs away from sex or it runs after it."
Murphy, Charles F. "A Seal of Approval for Comic Books." Federal Probation, 19(2):19-20, June 1955. M585
The author is administrator of the Code Authority, Comic Magazines Association of America, Inc.
Murphy, E. F. "Value of Pornography." Wayne Law Review, 14:255-80, Summer 1964. M586
"It is time that the venue over obscenity was withdrawn from the courts and the concern shifted to those personal levels in routine life where it belongs. The censors, the legislators, the prosecutors, the police, the judges, and all the forces of repression have had their day since 1800; and it is time another approach was tried."
Murphy, E. J. "Blasphemy." Canadian Criminal Cases, 48:1-22, 1927. M587
The Crown prosecutor in the blasphemy case of Rex v. Sterry reviews the English common law on blasphemy, the two earlier Canadian cases, Rex v. Pelletier (1900) and Rex v. Kinler (1925), as well as the current case of Ernest Sterry, publisher of the Christian Enquirer, Toronto. Sterry was convicted and sentenced to 60 days in jail; the Supreme Court of Ontario confirmed the conviction.
Murphy, Lawrence W. "Thomas Maule: The Neglected Quaker." Journalism Quarterly, 29:171-74, Spring 1952. M588
Maule is a little- known but important figure in the fight for freedom of expression. The case is the first in the Salem area, so far as the writer has discovered, where a jury as a whole sided with the accused against the colonial authorities in a matter involving printing and authorship.
Murphy, T. J. "Massachusetts Advisory Committee on Juvenile Reading." Massachusetts Library Association Bulletin, 39:45-47, June 1949. M589
Excerpts from the speech of the assistant Attorney General of Massachusetts on obscenity laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, delivered before a meeting of the Massachusetts Library Association. Includes text of the policy statement of the Committee.
Murphy, Terrence J. Censorship: Government and Obscenity. Baltimore, Helicon, 1963. 294p. M590
"After a clarifying discussion of the meaning of the term `obscenity,' Father Murphy places the question of constitutional guaranteed freedom - and its limits - in its historical context within our democratic society. He describes the various Congressional attempts to deal with obscenity and analyzes all the important Court decisions, distinguishing the complicated problems that vary from medium to medium, from juvenile to adult." He criticizes the recent Supreme Court decisions which, while not nullifying the obscenity laws, greatly diminish public control of obscenity. The libertarian decisions of the Court represent the substantive values of a minority. Policy making is no longer in the hands of the officials chosen by the people.
-------. "Legal Aspects of Book Censorship and Their Relationships to Academic Libraries." College and Research Libraries, 29:39-42, January 1963. M591
Freedom is accorded a high, even preferred place, in American values. But it is not the only social value in our society. Book selection policies must consider the doctrine of "balancing the interest," which may be complex. The academic librarian has a responsibility to respect the right of the parent in the upbringing of his child. In church- related institutions the school may serve in loco parentis. A system of classifying books by age of reader might be appropriate. The library also has a responsibility to taxpayers or donors, which must be respected in determining library policies.
Murrah, A. P. A Judge Looks at the Press. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1958. 3p. (Publication no. 1) M592
A federal judge discusses freedom of the press in coverage of court trials. He favors relaxing Canon 35 and Rule 53 only if modern equipment can cover trials without physical interference or distraction in any way.
Murray, Gilbert. "Obscenity in Literature." Nation and Athenaeum (London), 44:876, 23 March 1929. M593
The author attacks the fashionable trend in writing which deals with "excretory, sudatory, and procreative systems" and the critics who defend such writing as representing courage. The serious literature of the past is generally free from obscenity. Obscenity destroys the higher imagination in literature, and those who indulge in reading it, like a drunkard, soon lose a taste for all else. Murray's article brought forth a host of answers, presented in subsequent issues. Lytton Strachey (30 March) refuted the statement that all great literature is pure, giving as examples Catullus, Rabelais, and Swift. He also denied that obscenity has a power to destroy the higher imaginative values, referring readers to the third and fourth acts of King Lear. Philip Kerr supported Murray against his critics (6 April). In the same issue Murray answered Strachey to the effect that the critics apparently can recognize neither obscenity nor great literature. Darsie Yapp, reported from Paris that that city viewed the controversy much like London viewed the "monkey trial" in the United States. She defended bawdy books: "Dirty stories seem to me to be a tonic in some way." G. E. G. Catlin of Cornell University wrote (18 May): "It is supposed that repression will cure obscenity; there is much in experience to indicate that it is rather repression which is the cause of obscenity. . . . One suspects that the source of obscenity, as of the obscene joke, lies in the furtive mind." The effect of obscenity, he writes, is likewise difficult to assess; it is a problem in medicine and psychology rather than law. He recommends that the energy spent in censorship be directed toward the study of moral psychology.
Murray, James. "The Role of Government." Survey Graphic, 35:449+, December 1946. M594
Responsibilities of Congress in safeguarding the American right of free expression are described by the chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor.
Murray, John C. "The Bad Arguments Intelligent Men Make." America, 96:120-23, 3 November 1956. (Reprinted in Gardiner, Catholic Viewpoint on Censorship, pp. 164-72; also in Edwin Black and Harry P. Kerr, American Issues, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961, pp. 190-97) M595
The Jesuit editor of Theological Studies answers John Fischer's article (Harper's, October 1956) on censorship activities of the National Office for Decent Literature.
-------. "Literature and Censorship." Books on Trial, 14:393-95+, June-July 1956; abridged article in Commonweal, 64:349-51, 6 July 1956 and in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 215-22; also issued as a separate pamphlet by the Fund for the Republic. M596
Father Murray, in an address on the seventeenth anniversary of the Thomas More Association, suggests four rules to govern divergent groups in their interrelated freedom of expression: (1) Each minority group has a right to censor for its own readers, if it so chooses. (2) No minority group has a right to demand that government shall impose a general censorship. (3) Any minority group has a right to work through persuasion and pacific argument for elevation of standards of public morality. (4) No minority group has a right to impose its own religious or moral values on other groups. "Our chief problem, of course, is not literary censorship but literary creation." James T. Farrell reviewed this lecture in New Republic, 12 November 1956, under the title A Jesuit on Censorship.
-------. "Should There Be a Law?" In his We Hold These Truths: Catholic Reflections on the American Proposition. New York, Sheed & Ward, 1960, pp. 155-74. M597
Censorship should be left to public authority and not practiced by amateurs. The greatest danger is in not reading good books.
Murray, June A. "Statutory Innovation in the Obscenity Field." Buffalo Law Review, 6:305-16, Spring 1957. M598
An appraisal of a New York Statute (section 22a of the Code of Criminal Procedure) which "provides for a civil injuncture proceeding which, in effect, tries the book for obscenity and if it is found guilty, the seller is compelled to surrender all his copies to the sheriff, who is directed to destroy them." The author believes that "if full effect is to be given to the freedom guaranteed by the First Amendment section 22(a) as well as section 1141 must be held to be unconstitutional."
Murray, Lindley, comp. Extracts from the Writings of Divers Eminent Authors, of Different Religious Denominations; and at Various Periods of Time, Representing the Evils and Pernicious Effects of Stage Plays, and Other Amusements; with Some Additions. Philadelphia, Benjamin & Jacob Johnson, 1799. 24p. M599
Murray, Robert K. Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919-1920. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1955. 337p. M600
A full- length analysis of the national hysteria that swept the United States immediately following World War I as a reaction to bolshevism and other radical movements. The fear of radicalism led to criminal syndicalist legislation and the seizure of radical literature. Included is the Schenck case involving the distribution of antienlistment literature, which brought forth the famous "clear and present danger" principle from Justice Holmes.
Murray, Samuel H. "The Extent of Government Immunity from Federal Rule 34." Virginia Law Review, 41:507-22, May 1955. M601
Notes on the privileged character of certain public records and the conditions under which a government may refuse "discovery." Covers court decisions, 1849-1954.
Murray, W. H. H. "An Endowed Press." Arena, 2:553-59, October 1890. M602
A plea to free the press from the corrupting power of commercial interests which has led to license rather than liberty. Recommends endowments to create a free press.
Murray, William. "Books are Burning: The Spreading Censorship." Nation, 176:367-68, 2 May 1953. M603
A survey of recent censorship activities, with special consideration to investigations by the Gathings Committee of Congress of "current pornographic materials."
Murrill, Judith. Canon 35: A Summary. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1962. 7p. (Publication no. 77) M604
A summary of recent events relating to the American Bar Association Canon of Judicial Ethics which prevents photography, broadcasting, and telecasting in the courtroom. Includes an extensive bibliography.
-------. The Development of Access Legislation. Columbia, Mo., University of Missouri, 1962. 184p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) M605
-------. Hutchins Commission. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1962. 15p. (Publication no. 69) M606
A digest of the major criticisms and recommendations of the media of communications made by the Commission on Freedom of the Press (Hutchins Commission), and some of the reactions they caused.
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