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M., D. L. "Plea for Cinderella." Nation and Athenaeum (London), 31:602-4, 29 July 1922. M1
Discussion of the refusal of the Lord Chamberlain to grant a license to the play, The Queen's Minister, because it might be offensive to living people. "It is apparently held that the theatre is either so vile that it needs a special guard to be set over it, or so trivial and contemptible that the liberating process which has almost wholly freed literature and the other arts from the regime of State surveillance and repression, may well stop short at the drama."
M., R. B. "Censorship in 1615." Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries, 15:181-82, October 1928. M2
A brief note on the action of the government of James I against William Martin's Historie and Lives of the Kings of England. Martin was summoned before the authorities, but released when he repented of certain passages objected to by the king.
Maas, Peter. "Merchants of Obscenity" Saturday Evening Post, 235:26-27, 13 October 1962. M3
McAnany, P.D. "Motion Picture Censorship and Constitutional Freedom." Kentucky Law Journal, 50:427-58, Summer 1962. M4
"In January 1961 the Supreme Court decided its ninth case dealing with the censorship of motion pictures. For the first time since 1915 [Mutual Film Corp. case] the decision ran in favor of the censor." Father McAnany reviews the history of court decisions on the movies, including the famous Burstyn case (1952), Kingsley International Pictures Corp. (1959), and the Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago (1961), noting the changing patterns of thought. The Court "has shown a continuing interest in protecting the right of films to be communicated to the public at large as long as they do not infringe the counter right of the state to protect the community against the corrupting effects of obscene or pornographic movies."
"MacArthur and Censorship." Harper's Magazine, 188:537, May 1944. M5
An editorial on Army censorship of an article about MacArthur intended for Harper's Magazine. The article was banned by Army authorities to whom it was submitted for clearance, "on grounds of military security." The editor charges the real reason was that the article contained, along with praise, considerable criticism of the General. The Army ruled that the article "undermines the confidence of this country, Australia, and particularly the troops in that theatre, in their commander and his strategics and tactical plans."
Macaulay, Thomas B. [On the Suggested Suppression of the Works of Wycherley, Congreve, &c.]. In his Critical and Historical Essays. London, 1843. vol. 3, p. 256. M6
"The whole liberal education of our countrymen is conducted on the principle that no book which is valuable, either by reason of excellence of its style or by reason of the light which it throws on the history, polity and manners of nations, should be withheld from the student on account of its impurity. . . . We are therefore by no means disposed to condemn this publication [the plays of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar] though we certainly cannot recommend the handsome volume before us as an appropriate Christmas present for young ladies."
McCabe, George P. Forces Molding and Muddling the Movies . . . A Paper on Censorship of Motion Pictures in the United States with Suggestions for Sane Regulatory Laws. Washington, D.C., n.p., 1926. 47p. M7
This booklet is an impartial study of the activities of various city and state censorship boards.
McCabe, Joseph. The History and Meaning of the Catholic Index of Forbidden Books. Girard, Kan., Haldeman-Julius, 1931. 107p. M8
-------. Life and Letters of George Jacob Holyoake. London, Watts, 1908. 2 vols. M9
A sympathetic biography of the English social reformer and Chartist. Chapter 4 deals with his trial and imprisonment on blasphemy charges; chapter 12 with his part in the fight against "taxes on knowledge"; and chapter 19 with his relationship to the obscenity trial of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh. Richard Carlile, the lifelong crusader for a free press, also appears throughout the work.
McCabe, Robert K. "No News Is Bad News." Nieman Reports, 15(3):24-27, July 1961. M10
Criticism of the government policy that keeps American reporters out of Communist China.
McCarroll, Tolbert H. "Freedom of Speech and Press--Censorship of Films." Oregon Law Review, 34:250-56, June 1955. M11
A review of recent cases dealing with prior restraint on film exhibition.
MacCarthy, Desmond. "Censorship of Plays." New Quartely Review, 2:599-614, 1909. M12
Commentary on the recommendations of the Joint Select Committee of the Lords and Commons upon the Censorship of Plays. "The Committee may find that in attempting to give freedom to the drama of ideas, by sanctioning the performances of unlicensed plays, they have by the creation of this new tribunal for controlling them, made it almost impossible for a manager, who wishes to produce an unlicensed play to get a theatre in which to perform it." The alternative to prior censorship, offered by the Committee, was to face a closing of the theatre, if, after the performance, the play was found to be objectionable.
-------. "Literary Taboos." Life and Letters, 1:329-41, October 1928. M13
Discussion of the ban on the Well of Loneliness and the taboo against certain sex discussions that has led to the suppression of such plays as Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession, Ibsen's Ghosts, Brieux's Damaged Goods, and Havelock Ellis' book, Psychology of Sex. "History shows that only those communities have flourished in which men were allowed to pool their experience and comment freely on life, and that the suppression of freedom is a graver risk to civilization than the circulation of any particular book to morality." On pages 327-35, the author reviews English obscenity law in light of recent action against Well of Loneliness and Sleeveless Errand.
McCarthy, John. "New Needs for the Legion of Decency." Catholic Digest, 18(7):1-6, May 1954. M14
Relaxed standards of the film industry, violations of the code, and recent Supreme Court rulings call for greater vigilance by the Legion of Decency. The author describes how the organization works in discouraging films it believes are bad.
McCarthy, Joseph R. Confusing Freedom of the Press with Prostitution of the Press. Speeches in the Senate of the United States, December 15, 19, 1950 and January 5, 1951. Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951. 32p. M15
-------. "Sen. McCarthy Questions Pres. Conant on 'Book Burning.'" Nieman Reports, 7(3):35-37, July 1953. (Reprinted from the Boston Globe, 16 June 1953) M16
Questions and answers in Senator McCarthy's examination of Harvard President James B. Conant before the U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee, relating to U.S. information libraries abroad.
McCarthy, Mary T. "The Menace to Free Journalism in America." Nieman Reports, 7(4):46-48, October 1953. (Reprinted from The Listener, 14 May 1953) M17
The greatest menace to free journalism is not Senator McCarthy but "the conceptualized picture of the reader that governs our present-day journalism like some unseen autocrat. The reader, in this view, is a person stupider than the editor, whom the editor both fears and patronizes."
-------. "No News, or What Killed the Dog." In her On the Contrary. New York, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1961, pp. 32-42. M18
Freedom to circulate works of art and literature is more or less intact in the United States. The paradox is that, while ideas circulate, the individuals who espouse them, believe in them, or practice them are persecuted, banned, or jailed, or exiled from the country. Article based on a speech given at the conference of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom, March 1952.
McCarthy, Michael J. F. Jesuits and the British Press. Edinburgh, Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1910. 71p. M19
A Protestant views the unofficial censorship and control of the press by Catholics.
McCausland, Elizabeth. "The Blue Menace." Springfield, Mass., The Springfield Republican, 1928. 28p. M20
A series of articles reprinted from the Springfield Republican, 19-27 March 1928, discussing the drive against liberalism, the curtailment of free speech in Massachusetts and elsewhere by means of blacklists, attacks on liberal colleges and churches, and the "DAR protest."
Macchiaroli, Michael A. "Recovery for Libel of Public Official Requires Proof of Actual Malice." Villanova Law Review, 9:534-39, Spring 1964. M21
Regarding New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 84 S. Ct. 710 (1964).
McClellan, Sidney. Censorship of Radio Broadcasts . . . Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, 1938. 80p. (Unpublished S.J.D. dissertation) M22
"This dissertation will concern itself primarily . . . with the restrictions, restraints, or censorship of radio broadcasts imposed by the Communications Act of 1934 as administered by the Federal Communications Commission and the allied problem of defamation by radio. The law applicable to the cinema and press will be discussed only by way of analogy and comparison with the laws applicable to radio broadcasting."
McClure, Alexander K. Bench, Bar and Press. Argument of Alexander K. McClure before Supreme Court, for Plaintiffs in Error. In Matter of the Rules Disbarring Andrew J. Steinman and William U. Hensel, Attorneys. [Philadephia? 1880?]. 30p. M23
The attorneys, who were also editors of a newspaper, published in their paper an article, charging a judge with prostituting the machinery of justice in a certain case to serve party purpose. Thereupon the court disbarred them for misbehavior in office, although they were not professionally associated with the case under discussion. McClure, editor of the Philadelphia Times, speaks eloquently against the arbitrary judgment of the court and its threat both to the freedom of the press and the right of the legal profession. Judge Sharwood, speaking for the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, ruled (95 Penn St. 220) that the action of Judge Patterson in the lower court was a violation of the state's 1874 Bill of Rights.
McClure, Robert C. "Obscenity and the Law." ALA Bulletin, 56:806-10, October 1962. M24
A century of confusion as to what is obscene, which began with the English case of Regina v. Hicklin, may soon be resolved when one of the Tropic of Cancer cases comes before the U.S. Supreme Court. Professor McClure believes the court will rule that this book does not meet the constitutional standards for obscenity and that, henceforth, only hard-core pornography can be constitutionally censored. He reviews recent legal cases that seem to lead to this interpretation.
Maccoby, Simon. English Radicalism, 1762-1785. The Origins. London, Allen & Unwin, 1955. 535p. M25
A history of the years in which modern English radicalism was born, containing references to the work of the radical press, the various trials for seditious libel, in which the juries sometimes refused to convict, the John Wilkes affair, the Junius letters, and the activities of the Society for Constitutional Information.
-------. English Radicalism, 1786-1832; From Paine to Cobbett. London, Allen & Unwin, 1955. 559p. M26
This study covers the period of English history that witnessed the great state trials for seditious and blasphemous libel, the prosecution of Paine (1792-93), Hone (1817), Hardy (1794), Carlile (1817), Eaton (1793), Tooke (1794), Cobbett (1831), Spence (1801), Hunt (1821), Thelwall (1794), and Williams (1822).
McConn, Max. "Authors' Bureau of Censorship." Nation, 113:40-41, 13 July 1921. M27
An amusing satire on censors and censorship.
McCormack, Thelma H. "Canada's Royal Commission on Broadcasting." Public Opinion Quarterly, 23:92-100, Spring 1959. M28
A review of the report of the Fowler Commission that examined television and radio broadcasting in Canada. "Once again Canadian broadcasting, with its unique combination of private and public ownership, was given a vote of confidence." Among the recommendations of the report was the establishment of a new regulatory agency, the Board of Broadcast Governors, with C.B.C. as an interested party only.
McCormick, John, and Mairi MacInnes, eds. Versions of Censorship; an Anthology. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1962. 374p. (Anchor book) M29
The editors have brought together an unusual collection of opinions relating to censorship, some famous, some obscure, but all contributing to the historical development of the idea. The first section, Censorship and Belief, begins with Milton's Areopagitica and continues with statements on the Roman Catholic Index, the condemnation of Galileo, and a selection from Spinoza. The second section, Censorship and Ideas, deals with the development of secular concepts of freedom. It includes selections from Hobbes' Leviathan, Julian Huxley's Soviet Genetics, Claud Cockburn's Discord of Trumpets, Tocqueville's Democracy in America, Abner Kneeland's Trial for Blasphemy, Chafee's Free Speech in the United States, and the Congressional testimony of Patrick M. Malin of the American Civil Liberties Union, entitled Smut, Corruption, and the Law. The third section, Censorship and Imagination, deals with the realm of art, literature, and the theater, and includes Henry Miller's testimony in the Sexus case, Judge Bryan's opinion on Lady Chatterley's Lover in the Grove Press case, George Orwell's The Prevention of Literature, Rousseau's case for censorship of the theater, and Lord Chesterfield and Bernard Shaw's arguments against theater censorship. A final section, Self-Censorship, contains Dream-Censorship by Freud and The Legend of the Grand Inquisition from Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov. Appropriate commentary by the editors brings a unity to the various selections and to the entire compilation.
McCormick, Robert R. Assaults upon the Constitution; a Series of Addresses Broadcast over WGN and the Mutual Broadcasting System, September 26-December 26, 1953. [Chicago, Chicago Tribune, 1954]. 53 p. M30
-------. The Case for the Freedom of the Press; An Address by Robert R. McCormick . . . before the New York State Chamber of Commerce. New York City, November 16, 1933. Chicago, Chicago Tribune, 1933. 28p. M31
The publisher of the Chicago Tribune gives a brief history of the development of a free press in England and the United States, followed by more detailed references to the then current restrictions placed on the press by the NRA codes.
-------. The Fight for the Freedom of the Press; an Address by Robert R. McCormick before the New York Advertising Club, New York, N.Y., April 25, 1935. [Chicago, Chicago Tribune, 1935]. 19p. M32
-------. The Freedom of the Press. A History and an Argument Compiled from Speeches on this Subject Delivered over a Period of Fifteen Years. New York, Appleton- Century, 1936. 116p. M33
The publisher of the Chicago Tribune gives a brief summary of the history of the freedom of the press from the Middle Ages to the New Deal, stressing the current problems that face the newspaper publisher. He refers especially to the famous Tribune libel case, the Minnesota gag laws, and government action under the NRA codes.
-------. The Freedom of the Press; an Address by Col. Robert R. McCormick . . . before the Inland Daily Press Association, Chicago, Oct, 18, 1933. [Chicago, Chicago Tribune, 1933]. 23p. M34
-------. The Freedom of the Press Still Furnishes that Check upon Government Which No Constitution Has Ever Been Able to Provide. Chicago, Chicago Tribune, 1934. 36p. M35
A pamphlet directed against the newspaper codes under the NRA.
McCoy, Bruce R. "Freedom of the Press in Democratic and Totalitarian States." In Robert B. Heilman, ed., Aspects of Democracy. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1941, pp. 90-96. M36
A brief look at the press restrictions in Japan, Russia, Italy, and Germany by way of contrast with the freedoms in England and America.
McCoy, Ralph E. "The ABC's of Illinois Censorship, 1965." Illinois Libraries, 48:372-77, May 1966. M37
A review of three Illinois cities--Alton, Belleville, and Chicago--that made the headlines in 1965 because of book censorship. The first two involved cases of public library censorship. Chicago dealt with a protest over James Baldwin's Another Country as required reading at Wright Junior College and the conviction of bookseller Paul Romaine for sale of Fanny Hill. Also mentioned is the removal of paintings by George G. Kokines from an exhibit in the Chicago Public Library. This entire issue of Illinois Libraries features Intellectual Freedom.
-------. Banned in Boston: The Development of Literary Censorship in Massachusetts. Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois, 1956. 345p. (Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, no. 18,173) M38
The New England Watch and Ward Society was formed in Boston in 1878 as part of the Comstock crusade against obscenity. It received widespread support from the Boston Brahmins, who were unwilling to concede the same freedom in sex expression that they supported in the realms of politics and religion. In an attempt to enforce a rigid concept of sexual purity in literature, the Society, in 1882, with official sanctions, suppressed the Boston edition of Whitman's Leaves of Grass. The Society reached the height of its power in 1909 when the state's Supreme Judicial Court upheld the ban on Eleanor Glyn's Three Weeks. Following this decision Massachusetts booksellers, unwilling to risk further arrests, joined forces with the Society in a "gentlemen's agreement" which kept much of modern fiction from bookstores of the Commonwealth. This arrangement was brought to an end in 1926 when H. L. Mencken defied the Society's edict by selling an issue of American Mercury on the Boston Common and was cleared by a municipal judge. In the confusion that followed, the Boston police, with strong Catholic support, launched a wholesale attack on modern novels. Liberalization of Massachusetts obscenity laws in 1930 and 1945, the awakening of the Boston press, and the activities of an emerging civil liberties movement supported by lawyers, librarians, and book publishers, helped to erase the longstanding stigma on Boston as the censorship capital of America.
-------. "Intellectual Freedom." Illinois Library Association Record, 10(2):30-32, October 1956. M39
A review of some of the problems faced by librarians in attempting to follow the Library Bill of Rights and suggestions on how to deal with the problems.
-------. "Public Library Censorship." Illinois Library Association Record, 7:89-93, April 1954. M40
A review of recent attacks on public libraries, and some of the censorship threats that libraries and booksellers have faced in past generations in areas of religion, politics, and sex. Censorship practiced by librarians as well as pressures from outside are discussed. Among the questions raised are: Does the refusal of the library to accept propaganda literature from deviant religious, social, and economic groups constitute censorship? Do minority groups have a right to practice censorship in order to guarantee fairness to themselves? How far can a pressure group go in its objection to publications before it is a menace to freedom? The author offers advice to librarians and library boards in resisting demands for censorship.
McCracken, George W. "World Security and Freedom of Information." Queens Quarterly, 52(1):91-99, Spring 1945. M41
An appeal for world freedom of information made on the eve of the San Francisco Conference. He quotes the Canadian Prime Minister in support: "I believe that freedom of exchange of international news is essential for informal opinion of international affairs, without which there can be no peace. I hope that the necessary limitations of wartime censorship will be lifted as soon as the reasons for the existence have disappeared, and trust that in the post-war world no government will be permitted to insulate its people from the current of thought outside their national boundaries."
McCrea, Tully. "Publishing of Juvenile's Name Serves No Useful Purpose." Washington Newspaper, 51(3):4-6, December 1965. M42
The author is a regional director of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
MacCulloch, Campbell. "How Free Is Speech?" Motion Picture Classic, 32(1):24-25, 90, September 1920. M43
A brief history of movie censorship which "really began in 1908 in New York City when Mayor George B. McClellan issued an order closing every one of the five hundred picture houses in the city on December 24 of that year, on the ground that they were unclean and immoral. Three days later a court order reopened them. Then a volunteer organization, the People's Institute, offered to examine all films intended for exhibition, and approve or disapprove them." In six states--Kansas, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia--the people have their movies "carefully denatured for them." The New York censor "allows baby shirts" but disapproves of political slams; the Pennsylvania censor frowns on any mention of "the Expected Event."
McCullough, John M. "Free Press and Fair Trial." Pennsylvania Bar Association Quarterly, 25:237-44, April 1954. M44
McCune, Wesley. "The Freedom to Read and the Political Problem." ALA Bulletin, 59:500-506, June 1965. (ALA Conference on Intellectual Freedom, 23-24 January 1965) M45
The director of Group Research, Inc., who has made studies of groups seeking to affect public issues, comes to the conclusion that the right wing of American politics and economics is growing stronger in every measurable way--membership, leadership, public relations, political activity, financial support, and publishing. While in favor of having right- and left-wing literature on library shelves in balance, he notes that "a larger bill of fare is being offered by the right-wing" and it will be pressed upon libraries with enthusiasm, if not outright fanaticism. He offers a guide to identifying the "literature" of the right-wing so that librarians will not be inundated by it.
McDermott, John F., ed. The Sex Problem in Modern Society. New York, Modern Library, 1931. 404p. M46
A section on Sex in Literature contains the following articles: Contemporary Sex Release in Literature by V. F. Calverton, Hermaphrodites by Robert Herrick, and Sex Control by Morris L. Ernst and William Seagle. The Calverton article appeared originally in Sex Expression in Literature; the Herrick article in the Bookman, July 1929; the Ernst and Seagle article in their To The Pure.
McDermott, John F., and Kendall B. Taft. Sex in the Arts; a Symposium. New York, Harper, 1932. 328p. M47
A discussion of sex expression in various forms of Communications: poetry (Henry Morton Robinson), fiction (John Cooper Powys), drama (Elmer Rice), biography (Ernest Boyd), motion pictures (Struthers Burt), journalism (Henry F. Pringle), and advertising (Silas Bent). Morris L. Ernst has a chapter on Sex and Censorship.
McDiarmid, E. W. "The Library's Responsibility in Free Communication." In Freedom of Communication; Proceedings of the First Conference on Intellectual Freedom . . . Chicago, American Library Association, 1954, pp. 25-33. M48
MacDonagh, Michael. "Can We Rely on Our War News?" Fortnightly Review, 63 (n.s.):612-25, April 1898. M49
The author evaluates difficulties encountered by British journalists in obtaining war news, and the attitudes of the War Office toward correspondents in the field. The war correspondent is now an established figure in journalism and the public will not tolerate too much hampering of him in the field of action.
Macdonald, Dwight. "Censorship Without Control?" Yale Political, 3(1):13, 30, Autumn 1963. M50
"Opposing all forms of censorship with the exception of military information during a war, Dwight Macdonald examines the problems in determining what should be censored and who should do the censoring." If we must have censors, they should not be cops or postmen, but should be writers, artists, scholars, or other intellectuals. "The only trouble is few such individuals would want the job. I wouldn't."
MacDonald, Eugene M. Colonel Robert Ingersoll As He Is; a Complete Refutation of His Clerical Enemies' Malicious Slanders. New York, The Truth Seeker, 1896. 100p. M51
Among other refutations, the author deals through letters and documents with Ingersoll's defense of freedom of expression in matters of religion and free thought but his opposition to obscenity.
Macdonald, George E. Fifty Years of Freethought; being the Story of the Truth Seeker, with the Natural History of its Third Editor. New York, The Truth Seeker, 1929-31. 2 vols. M52
The Truth Seeker, founded by D. M. Bennett in 1875 to offset censorship efforts of Anthony Comstock's vice society, carried reports of many censorship cases during its years of publication. This history of the journal refers to the Bennett case, the Reynolds and Mockus blasphemy trials, the persecution of Ida Craddock, and the Scopes evolution trial. There are photographs of such freedom of the press leaders as Charles Bradlaugh, Elizur Wright, Benjamin Tucker, Dr. E. B. Foote, Jr., Dr. E. B. Foote, Sr., and Theodore A. Schroeder.
-------. Letter to Solicitor Lamar. New York, 1918. Broadside. M53
Reprinted from The Nation, 5 October 1918, along with an editorial from The Truth Seeker. Both deal with suppression of The Truth Seeker by the solicitor of the Post Office Department. "Another number of The Truth Seeker (Sept. 28, 1918) has been found non-mailable. . . . I renew my request that The Truth Seeker be removed from the list of 'suspects.'"
McDonald, John. "Will Hays' New Rival: Government Review." Nation, 156:484-86, 3 April 1943. M54
Criticism of a proposal of the Office of War Information to review movies prior to release. The author urges that the movies be given the same freedom from government censorship as that enjoyed by the newspaper press.
McDonald, Joseph A., and Ira L. Grimshaw. Radio Defamation. New York, National Broadcasting Co., 1937. 29p. M55
Macdonald, W. A. "How Censored Are We?" Canadian Business, 32:60, 66, November 1959. M56
In practice censorship is left to the discretion of customs officials and to local police boards. The present tightening of Canada's censorship legislation is at variance with Britain's opposing trend. The author opens the door on Canada's censorship code with its many peculiarities and problems.
MacDonald, William. "The Press and the Censorship in England and France." Nation, 105:287-89, 13 September 1917. M57
"No reputable correspondent needs a censorship, no official ought to be shielded by it, no secret diplomatic intrigue ought to be fostered by it. Least of all should it find tolerance in a war which, like the present one, is being fought by democracies for the safeguarding of democracy."
Macdonell, Sir John. "Blasphemy and the Common Law." Fortnightly Review, 39:776-89, June 1883. M58
-------, and J. E. P. Wallis, ed. Report of State Trials. New Series, 1820-58. London, 1888-98. 8 vols. (Published under the Direction of the State Trials Committee) M59
Includes trials of the following involving freedom of the press: Sir Francis Burdett, Mary Ann and Richard Carlile, John Chapman, William Cobbett, John Collins, Daniel W. Harvey, Henry Hetherington, John Hunt, William Lovett, Edward Moxon, Daniel O'Connell, John Stockdale, Samuel Waddington, and John A. Williams.
MacDougall, Curtis D. "College Editors Should Be Free." Masthead, 10(2):20-22, Spring 1958. M60
A professor of journalism takes issue with Robert E. Kennedy of the Chicago Sun-Times (Fall 1957 issue of Masthead) on the role and rights of a college newspaper. A college paper should not be regarded "as merely an arm of a college's public relations department," but should have the right of independent views. MacDougall favors the 1947 resolution of the American Association of Schools and Departments of Journalism which "opposed censorship of undergraduate publications in any form whatever, de jure or de facto."
-------. The Press and Its Problems. Dubuque, Ia., Brown, 1964, 532p. M61
A major portion of the problems dealt with in this journalism textbook relates to freedom of the press. Chapter 2, The Press and Democracy: What is the freedom of the press guaranteed by the first amendment of the Constitution? To what extent can government legislate regarding newspapers without violating the constitutional provision? What should be the attitude of the press toward the other so-called civil liberties? Chapter 6, The "Controlled" Press: What is the extent and nature of capitalistic-owner influence upon editorial policy? How and to what extent do advertisers influence editorial policy? What are the methods and importance of pressure groups other than advertisers? Chapter 8, The Newspaper and the Law: What are the limits to the newspaper's right to gather information about public affairs? To comment on the news? What is libel and how can the newspaper avoid committing it? Chapter 9, The Individual and the News: What is the legal and ethical relationship between a newspaper and a news source? What right should a newspaper concede to the individual to control news relating to himself? To control the use of pictures of himself? Chapter 10, To Print or Not to Print: Is the press ever justified in suppressing news at the request or in the interest of private individuals or groups of individuals? Business? Government? Numerous specific cases are cited in answering the questions. Each chapter has an extensive bibliography.
[MacDougall, Peter]. "Open Meeting Statutes: The Press Fights for the 'Right to Know.'" Harvard Law Review, 75:1199-1221, April 1962. (Also in Public Management, February 1963) M62
A discussion of the open meeting principle, the extent of legislative enactment, and the results. "Ensuring the people access to the greatest possible amount of information about government activities is an unimpeachably sound concept and, as a basic tenent of democratic government, merits legislative recognition. If the limits and operation of the open meeting principle are defined with the greatest possible precision, many difficulties will be resolved, and both press and officials will have a more workable standard for conduct." Includes text of a proposed open meeting statute.
McElroy, Robert M. "And He Answered the Red Stranger." Arbitrator, 2:7-9, August 1919. M63
The author answers Norman Thomas and A. De Silver, denying that war censorship created political prisoners and opposing amnesty for such prisoners.
McElroy, William E. "A Menace to America's Children." Illinois Libraries, 42:186-91, March 1960. M64
The postmaster of Springfield, Ill., discusses the use of the mails "for the wholesale promotion and conduct of mail order business in obscene and pornographic materials." He describes what the Post Office is doing to banish smut from the mails, and what citizens can do to help combat the racket.
McEvoy, Andrew T., Jr., and Thomas R. Newman. "Free Press; Fair Trial--Rights in Collision." New York University Law Review, 34:1278-98, November 1959. M65
"The only way to give real meaning to the guarantee of an impartial jury trial is to restore to the courts the power to control constructive contempts.
McEvoy, J. P. "Back of Me Hand to You." Saturday Evening Post, 211(26):8-9, 46-48, December 1938. M66
The story of Joseph Breen, the man who administers the Film Production Code which dictates what the movies can and can't do.
Macfadden, Bernarr. "Comstock, King of the Prudes." Physical Culture, 14:561-63, December 1905. M67
Publisher Macfadden was arrested for "obscene" pictures in two issues of Physical Culture. In one the cover design by Carl Victor was offensive. The instigator of the arrest was Anthony Comstock of the New York vice society, whose "distorted conception of the human body," Macfadden charged, "is that of sheer prudery, which is the curse of the present day." He suggests that readers who are devoted to the physical culture idea write Comstock of their objections to the arrest.
[------.] The Macfadden Prosecution: A Curious Story of Wrong and Oppression under the Postal Laws. [Battle Creek, Mich., 1908]. 16p. M68
The publisher of Physical Culture magazine was brought to trial in the federal courts on charges of mailing obscene matter. The objection was to a serial story, Growing to Manhood in Civilized? Society, an appeal for enlightened sex education. Macfadden was found guilty and sentenced to a fine of $2,000 and 2 years in prison, but because of a technicality, the sentence was never carried out. Issues of Physical Culture from December 1907 through March 1908 carry news and editorials on the case. A summary of the case appears in Physical Culture, February 1910, pp. 130-36.
[-------]. "Press Muzzled by Patent Medicine Companies." Physical Culture, 15:24-27, January 1906. M69
Macfarlane, John. "Pamphlets and the Pamphlet Duty of 1712." Library, 1 (n.s.):298-304, 1 June 1900. M70
Quotes from broadsides of the period with respect to the Pamphlet Act, designed not only for revenue but to check "false and scandalous Libels."
-------. "The Paper Duties of 1696-1713; Their Effect on the Printing and Allied Trades." Library, 1 (n.s.):31-44, 1 December 1899. M71
Contemporary accounts of the effects of duties on imported papers and also those made in England and the high import duty on books.
McFee, William. "Censoring a Classic." New Republic, 38:315-16, 14 May 1924. M72
Criticism of the emasculation of Dana's Two Years Before the Mast in an edition for school children. "We can assure parents and pedagogues that there is nothing in the book as Dana wrote it to give offense to any modern child who can spare the time from the movies to look it over."
McGannon, Donald. "The FCC and Freedom of the Frequencies." Yale Political, 3(1):21, 36, 39, Autumn 1963. M73
The president of Westinghouse Broadcasting Company sees the need for federal regulations, while he also points out that broadcasters must respond to the taste of the audience. He shows concern at the lack of definitive standards involved in the revocation of a broadcast license. A federal view is presented by FCC Chairman Henry in an accompanying article.
[M'Gavin, William]. Report of a Trial in the Jury Court, Edinburgh on the 25th June, 1821, for an Alleged Libel: In the Case of A. Scott, versus William M'Gavin and Others. Glasgow, University Press, 1821. 140p. M74
M'Gavin was a lay minister who had written a series of tracts, entitled The Protestant, critical of the Catholic Church. He was charged with libel by a Catholic priest, Andrew Scott, for statements he made relative to the building of a Catholic chapel in Glasgow. M'Gavin was found guilty and fined £ 100.
McGee, Gale W. The Fairness Doctrine--A Challenge for Responsibility in Broadcasting. Washington, D.C., U.S. Senate, 1964. 4p. M75
In an address before the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Senator McGee emphasizes that fairness means more than a mere offering of equal time. "What is required is a direct effort to find a taker for the use of that time."
McGhee, Paul A., et al. "Points of View in Book Publishing: I. Book Censorship." Publishers' Weekly, 153:316-17, 24 January 1948. M76
Summary of a discussion on censorship at the first session of a New York University course on publishing. The participants were: Morris Ernst (lawyer), the Reverend Samuel L. Hamilton (theology professor), Ben W. Huebsch (publisher), John S. Sumner (vice society head), and Ken McCormick (book editor).
McGill, Ralph. "There is Time Yet." Atlantic Monthly, 174:61-65, September 1944. M77
The editor of the Atlanta Constitution, who saw freedom lost in Austria when the Germans moved in, says freedom exists in this country only so long as it exists in the enlightened minds of the people. Newspapers must help the people keep alive the feeling for freedom; they must merit the confidence of the people by good journalism.
MacGregor, Ford H. "Official Censorship Legislation." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 128:163-74, November 1928. M78
A history of movie censorship legislation by the federal, state, and municipal governments in the United States and a brief account of government control of films in England and Commonwealth nations. "Compared with the unprecedented development of the moving picture industry and the magnitude of the interests involved, official censorship legislation has made little progress in the United States during the past twenty-five years."
McGuigan, James L. "Crime Reporting: the British and American Approaches." American Bar Association Journal, 50:442-45, May 1964. M79
"Against the background of the American press's reporting of the assassination of President Kennedy, the author contrasts the approaches in Great Britain and the United States to the regulation of crime reporting that prejudices fair trials of accused persons. While our specific constitutional guarantees of free speech and press must be preserved, he concludes, we might consider borrowing something from the British system of control through the exercise of constructive contempt powers."
McGuire, Dave. "Another View on Comic Book Control." American City, 64:101, January 1949. M80
Summary of a 59-page report on municipal regulation on comic books presented by the author to the mayor and Commission Council of the City of New Orleans. McGuire recommends control through recognition of better comic books and improvement or elimination of the worst.
McGuire, W. D., Jr. "Censoring Motion Pictures." New Republic, 2:262-63, 10 April 1915. M81
-------. "Freedom of the Screen Versus Censorship." Survey, 44:181-83, 1 May 1920. M82
The executive secretary of the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures supports the prevailing "Boston Plan," operating as part of the National Board of Review, rather than a system of state movie censorship, as proposed in Massachusetts (Survey, 17 April). Only 4 states have state movie censors; the system has been repudiated in 28 states.
MacInnes, Colin. "On Censorship." In International Writers' Conference, The Novel Today. Edinburgh, Edinburgh International Festival 1962, pp. 55-56. M83
"While plays and films are subject to overt control in our country, censorship of the printed word is indirect." In books he considers censorship of the printers (typographers) and libraries; in radio the policy (B.B.C.) of removing all controversy from the discussion of controversial topics; in television the policy of attempting "to give maximum reality to a maximum audience." The fourth day of the Conference dealt with censorship.
McIntyre, Dina G. "Constitutional Law--Censorship--Not All Prior Restraint on Exhibiting Motion Pictures Is Unconstitutional." University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 23:229-33, October 1961. M84
Regarding Times Film Corp. v. Chicago, 365 U.S. 43(1961).
McIntyre, William R. Control of Obscenity. Washington, D.C., Editorial Research Reports, 1959. (Editorial Research Reports, 2:555-72, 1959) M85
Considers new controversies over postal censorship (rising tide of pornographic, lewd, and borderline materials), law and court decisions on obscenity (state, federal), and current application of obscenity tests.
McKavitt, Matthew A. "Ideas and the Spirit of Censorship." Library World, 47:158-61, May 1945. M86
A critique of the article, A Few Thoughts on Libraries and the Spirit of Censorship (Library Journal, 1 November 1944), in which the reviewer raises numerous questions as to who shall pass judgment on the morality of books and on what bases.
Mackay, Charles R. Life of Charles Bradlaugh, M. P. London, D. J. Gunn, 1888. 468p. M87
Biography of the nineteenth-century English champion of freedom of the press, particularly in the area of religion. According to Peter Fryer (Private Case--Public Scandal) this work, which contains a section of the trial of Bradlaugh for obscene libel, was itself withdrawn from general circulation at the British Museum in 1892 because Bradlaugh's family considered it libelous.
Mackay, R. S. "Hicklin Rule and Judicial Censorship." Canadian Bar Review, 36:1-24, March 1958. M88
An examination of the decision in the Canadian obscenity case, R. v. American News Co., Ltd., (1957), which the author considers important for two reasons: it is the most comprehensive and thorough judgment of a Canadian court on the question of obscenity under the present law, and it demonstrates that it is imperative to change the law. "It would be a shame if, in 1968, we had to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the Hicklin rule."
-------. "Judicial Censorship--Recent Developments in the Law of Obscenity." Canadian Bar Review, 32:1010-18, November 1954. M89
Discusses the British case of R. v. Martin Secker & Warburg, Ltd. (1954) and Conway v. The King (1944) which did for Canadian law what the Ulysses case did for the United States in re-evaluating the Hicklin rule on obscenity. These decisions brought a new "anti-authoritarian" point of view, with emphasis on liberty and the protection of legitimate literature.
McKean, Addison G. "Indictment for Publishing Obscene Matter." Central Law Journal, 21:488-89, 4 December 1885. M90
Text of the decision and notes in the case of Commonwealth v. Wright before the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. The accused was charged with distributing a business card with an inscription so obscene that it could not with decency be described in the records of the court. The indictment was quashed because it did not set forth the offense in a manner required by law.
McKelvie, Samuel R. Veto of Motion Picture Censorship Bill. New York, National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, 1921. 4p. mimeo. M91
Veto message of the Nebraska governor.
MeKelway, B. M. "Freedom of the Press--From What?" Quill, 51(1):20-22, January 1963. M92
Management of news during the Cuban crisis is the most recent incident in the history of conflict between government and press.
McKenna, Daniel J. "John Peter Zenger." Commonweal, 22:399-401, 23 August 1935. M93
An account of "the first great American criminal trial" and background of events leading up to the trial. It had a decisive effect "in formulating the traditional American policy of free speech."
MacKenzie, A. J. Propaganda Boom. London, The Right Book Club, 1938. 368p. M94
A discussion of the growing importance of propaganda as a national weapon and as a Fourth Defence Service in time of war. The major portion of the book is devoted to the employment of propaganda by the Communist, Nazi, and Fascist governments. Chapter 12 deals with the censor as an "invaluable ally of the propagandist," with reference to press, film, and radio censorship in the democracies that have been "thrown back on the defensive."
Mackenzie, Peter. Life of Thomas Muir, esq., Advocate . . . Who Was Tried for Sedition . . . With a Full Report of His Trial. Glasgow, W. R. M'Phun, 1831. 60p. M95
McKeon, Richard P., R. K. Merton, and Walter Gellhorn. The Freedom to Read: Perspective and Program. New York, Published for the National Book Committee by R. R. Bowker, 1957. 110p. M96
An inquiry into the theory of censorship and the freedom to read, from the viewpoints of philosophy, sociology, and law, conducted by a commission engaged by the National Book Committee under a grant from the Fund for the Republic. The three scholars concluded that the problems of censorship occur in the context of larger problems of internal development and values in individuals and in society. "The freedom to read can be advanced ultimately only by raising the level of reading tastes, and so changing the demand they generate, and by encouraging the work of creative artists and thinkers in contemporary society." The authors recommend a three-part program to advance freedom to read: "I. a comprehensive statement of the grounds and implications of censorship, to provide grounds for the formation of public policy; II. empirical investigation to test the assumptions commonly made concerning the effects of books, to study the formation of reading taste, and to investigate the consequences of decisions to control or not to control; III. action to protect the freedom to read and to correct the abuses and misapplications of censorship."
McKeown, E. J. "Censoring the Moving Picture." Common Cause, 4:8-16, July 1913. M97
The author describes how movies, in the interest of catering to the lowest and basest human interest, began to degenerate and thus bring about a public clamor for controls. Censorship began when New York's Mayor McClellan closed all of that city's movie houses. Out of a subsequent investigation conducted by John Collier of People's Institute, the idea of a national board of movie censors originated. This was an industry-sponsored, voluntary agency offering a seal of approval on films that passed the reviewers.
McKerrow, R. B. "The Supposed Calling-in of Drayton's Harmony of the Church, 1591." Library 1(3d ser.):348-50, October 1910. M98
This book was suppressed, according to a statement in the Roxburghe Club edition of Drayton's poem. Actually, it was a Puritan work of a somewhat similar title that was suppressed.
McKillop, Alan D. "Thomson and the Licensers of the Stage." Philological Quarterly, 37:448-53, October 1958. M99
The experience of the poet, James Thomson, with the stage censor under the Licensing Act of 1737. According to the article, Thomson wrote the unacknowledged preface to the 1738 republication of Milton's Areopagitica.
Mackin, Tom. "Taboo on TV." Pageant, 18:62-69, November 1962. M100
McKinney, John F. "Poetry and Pornography." Spirit; a Magazine of Poetry, 32:16-18, March 1965. M101
The poem is never art when the means distort the end. The use of pornography as a means of conveying realism insults the reader's sensitivity and only indicates the paucity of the poet's imagination.
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