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-------. "Liberty and the News." Atlantic Monthly, 124:779-87, December 1919. L304
"The task of liberty, therefore falls under three heads: protection of the sources of the news, organization of the news so as to make it comprehensible, and education of human response . . . We shall advance when we have learned humility; when we have learned to seek truth, to reveal it and publish it; when we care more for that than for the privilege of arguing about ideas in a fog of uncertainity."
-------. Liberty and the News. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1920. 104p. L305
In two of the three essays which comprise this volume, What Modern Liberty Means and Liberty and the News, both originally published in the Atlantic Monthly, Lippmann describes the liberty of the press as "the name we give to measures by which we protect and increase the variety of the information on which we act." There is no absolute freedom of the press. Milton, Mill, and Russell all imposed qualifications on liberty. During wartime we impose restrictions; and various factors restrict and modify our daily news reporting. It is more critical, Lippmann believes, to protect the stream of news that reaches the public than it is to protect opinion based on the facts. Lippmann cites restrictions and limitations in recent news coverage of World War I and the Peace Conference. Reviewed in Current Opinion, March 1920.
-------. "The Nature of the Battle over Censorship." In his Men of Destiny, New York, Macmillan, 1927, pp. 93-106. L306
Lippmann examines the nature of liberty and the reasons for efforts to suppress certain ideas. The censor has traditionally not so much feared ideas as "the circulation of the idea among the classes which in his judgment are not to be trusted with the idea." Censorship "is actually applied in proportion to the vividness, the directness, and the intelligibility of the medium which circulates the subversive idea." Suppression is generally practiced by those who consider themselves guardians of the state, the church, the family, and property and who feel that the unattached and impressionable might be seduced by unorthodox ideas.
-------. "The Press." Vital Speeches, 1:362-63, 11 March 1935. L307
Freedom of the press depends on something more than legal guarantees under the Constitution; it must be achieved by the action of newspaper men.
-------. Public Opinion. New York, Macmillan, 1922. 427p. (Reprinted in Macmillan Paperback edition, 1960) L308
The first serious attempt made to study the underlying principles of censorship, propaganda, publicity, electioneering, news, and intelligence work, particularly as it relates to the life of a democracy. Chapter 2 deals with Censorship and Privacy and relates largely to wartime experiences as do other portions of the volume. Still considered a classic study.
-------, and Charles Merz. "A Test of the News." New Republic, 23:sup. 1-42, 4 August 1920. L309
An examination of news reports in the New York Times on the coverage of a world event, the Russian Revolution, to determine the adequacy and objectivity of coverage and the extent of bias. The authors find too great a reliance on official sources; the use of untrustworthy correspondents; and the policy of the editors at times influencing the news columns.
"Literary Censorship." Dial, 48:135-37, 1 March 1910. L310
An editorial condemning the power of English circulating libraries to censor books. The American public library system, supported by taxation, and with each library free to make its own selection, is much better.
"Literary Censorship." Yale Literary Magazine, 8:156-65, February 1843. (Signed: L.U.C.) L311
A criticism of literary reviews. While "criticism founded on truth and justice is necessary for the health of our literature," too much of criticism is "microscopic" rather than "telescopic."
"Literary Censorship and the Novels of the Winter." Current Opinion, 55:353, 377+, November 1913. L312 §
A report on Anthony Comstock's arrest of Mitchell Kennerley for publication of Hagar Revelly by D. C. Goodman, and, in England, the refusal of the Circulating Libraries Association to list Hall Caine's The Woman Thou Gavest Me, W. B. Maxwell's Devil Garden, and Gilbert Cannan's Round the Corners.
"Literary Censorship in South Africa." South African Libraries, 23(3):77, January 1956. L313
A statement on censorship, approved by the Council of the South African Library Association.
Literary Liberty Considered; in a Letter to Henry Sampson Woodfall. London, Printed for J. Johnson, 1774. 32p. L314
The imprisoning of London publishers has become so fashionable that a newcomer must pass through jail on his way to popularity. The author complains of the licentiousness and rebelliousness of the press, believing that the public has suffered more from the abuse of the press than from its restraint. "Of late years two opposite monsters have presided at the helm of political affairs: their names, Libel and Panegyric. . . . From these parents have sprung falsehood, scurrility and adulation." The writer professes a great respect for proper freedom of the press but "an utter foe to intellectual licentiousness. . . . In a right cause I should find as much gratification in being a champion of a Printer as of a Prime Minister; and should labour with equal zeal to rescue from infamy Mr. Woodfall or his Sovereign."
"Literature and Morals in England." Nation, 94:205-6, 29 February 1912. L315
While one group of Britons, led by John St. Loe Strachey, editor of the Spectator, is urging censorship of literature similar to dramatic censorship, another group is protesting the censorship of the stage.
Littell, Philip. "Books and Things." New Republic, 32:20, 30 April 1922. L316
Critical comments on the work and dour personality of John Sumner, successor to Anthony Comstock, as head of the New York vice society.
[Little, Joseph J.]. Statement of Facts Regarding the Indictment for Criminal Libel, Found by the Grand Jury against Nicholas Murray Butler, Professor of Philosophy in Columbia University, and Others, upon the Complaint of Joseph J. Little, President of the Board of Education of the City of New York. [New York, 1899]. 24p. L317
Relates to charges brought by Commissioner Little against Butler, editor, and Henry Holt & Co., publishers of the Educational Review, for an allegedly libelous editorial in the February 1899 issue of that journal. In the article Little was described as a "fine old educational mastodon" supported by Tammany and by "two other representative antediluvians." This is Little's formal statement, issued to "correct understanding of the case through the imperfect statements that have appeared in the daily press."
Litsky, Leo. Censorship of Motion Pictures: A History of Motion Picture Censorship and an Analysis of its Most Important Aspects. New York, New York University, 1947. 380p. (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis; abstracted in School of Education, Abstracts of Theses, 1947-48, pp. 45-50) L318
The study describes and analyzes the early development of censorship of motion pictures, including the National Board of Review, the industry's answer to censorship (self-regulation), censorship by local, state, and federal agencies, censorship activities of such pressure groups as the Legion of Decency, and the Protestant Motion Picture Council. The author recommends that "some methods be adopted for making the Production Code and the Advertising Code more representative of the people"; the abolition of "legal censorship" by government boards, possibly by means of a test case carried to the U.S. Supreme Court, which would accord to films the right to freedom of expression. He also recommends that responsibility for Customs censorship "be more tightly fixed and a simple system of appeal be instituted . . . Pressure groups serve a very useful purpose in informing the industry of the desires of its member," so long as one group does not exercise a monopoly. He points out the need for pressure groups to promote film quality and to emphasize the social and educational potential of the films.
The Livery-man; or, Plain Thoughts on Publick Affairs. In which The present Situation of Things, some late Writings concerning the Liberty of the Press, the General Disposition of the People, the Insults offered to the City of London, and the true Nature and infallible Characteristicks of Publick Spirit, in Contradistinction to that of a Faction, are consider'd and explain'd. Addressed to the Lovers of Truth and Liberty . . . London, Printed for James Smith, 1790. 64p. L319
"Nature teaches us to complain when we are aggrieved; and therefore there can be nothing more unnatural than to take away the Power of Complaining." Historically, it was the illegal freedom of the press which brought many of the blessings now enjoyed by the English people through the overthrow of tyrannical government. Libels are an evil and libelers deserve punishment, but too often the outcry is directed against the press instead of the libeler. The author objects to setting up a system of licensing the press comparable to that governing the stage. "Power is an intoxicating thing, and therefore all Concessions in its favor are dangerous . . . It is like giving ground to the Sea, or opening a Gate to a mad Bull; we may escape afterwards, but if we do, it is more than we deserve, and we can never recover our Reputation."
Livingston, Robert. "Censorship--e Test of Obscenity as a Standard for the Censorship of Literature." Boston University Law Review, 34:208-12, April 1954. L320
Deals with the case, New American Library of World Literature v. Allen, involving a Youngstown, Ohio, ordinance prohibiting the sale and distribution of obscene books. The chief of police had informed the local distributor of paperback books that failure to remove books on a submitted list would result in arrest. The Federal District Court held that while the ordinance was constitutional, the plaintiff had been deprived of a property right without due process of law. The article discusses the various tests for obscenity and the conflicts arising between the divergent interests--ardian of public morals and guardian of the right of creative, realistic, and original works of literature.
[Lloyd, Charles]. "A Defence of the Majority in the House of Commons, on the Question Relating to General Warrants. In Answer to the Defence of the Minority." In A Collection of Scarce and Interesting Tracts . . . London, J. Debrett, 1787-88, vol. 1, pp. 73-92. L321 §
An answer to Charles Townshend's A Defence of the Minority . . ., written in 1764 by the secretary to George Grenville, First Lord of the Treasury. The majority had defeated Whig efforts to outlaw the use of the general warrant for seizing authors, printers, and booksellers. Discussed in Rea, The English Press in Politics, chapter 7.
Loble, Lester H. "Juvenile Crime and Law in Montana." Washington Newspaper, 50(1):6+, October 1964. L322
Calls for publicity rather than secrecy on juvenile offenses as a method of curbing juvenile violence and crime.
"Local 'Blackouts' on Public Affairs Television." Columbia Journalism Review, 1(1):40-47, Spring 1962. L323
A survey of the extent of turn-down by local television stations of public service programs offered by the networks. A second look at the situation, showing much the same results, appears in the Spring 1966 issue.
Locke, John. Essay Concerning Toleration. In Works of John Locke, 11th ed., London, 1812, vol. 6; also in Bourne, Life of John Locke, and in various collections of Locke's essays. L324 §
Locke's essay and his Letters on Toleration (1685) were notable pleas for liberty of thought, particularly in religion. Locke believed in allowing the utmost freedom of opinion in religious matters, with the state interfering only when, under cloak of religion, the ideas espoused were political or social views at variance with the best interest of the community. Religious liberty consisted in limiting the power of the magistrates to matters clearly necessary to the preservation of the peace. His was a more restricted doctrine on freedom of opinion than Milton's in Areopagitica. No specific reference is made to the press, but it was Locke who drew up the case against continuance of licensing of the press, which brought an end to the Licensing Act.
-------. ["Observations on the Licensing Act"]. In Lord King, The Life of John Locke, with Extracts from His Correspondence, Journals, and Common-Place Books. London, Henry Colburn. 1829, pp. 201-8. (Also in Bourne, Life of John Locke, vol. 2, pp. 312-15) L325
Locke made notes on each paragraph of the offensive Act for the licensing of printing, probably in 1694 when the Act was up for renewal. Lord King prints the 17 paragraphs from the Act together with Locke's critical but concise arguments against each. Unlike Milton's philosophical eloquence in Areopagitica, Locke's paper was a straightforward, businesslike appeal to common sense, addressed to the officials of the Government and pointing out the practical inconvenience of the Act. The submission of this memorandum by a friend (Edward Clarke) to a Parliamentary committee on 18 April 1694, is credited with turning the tide to allow the Act to expire.
Lockhart, Andrew F. "Interesting Account of [Free Press Defense] League's Activities . . . Persecuted Editor of Chain Lightning Sentenced to Federal Prison." Menace, 320:1, 9 June 1917 L326
A. F. Lockhart, editor of Chain Lightning, was sentenced to federal prison for alleged obscenity in anti-Catholic articles.
-------. "Lockhart Case." Rail Splitter, 3:1-2, March 1918. L327
In his magazine, Chain Lightning, Lockhart attacked "political romanism," which he maintained supplied the real motive for his arrest and conviction on an obscenity charge.
Lockhart, William B., and Robert C. McClure. "Censorship of Obscenity: The Developing Constitutional Standards." Minnesota Law Review, 45:5-121, November 1960. L328 §
"The authors discuss the constitutional criteria controlling recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court in the area of obscenity censorship and demonstrate that substantial protection has been given to published material dealing with sex. In considering the development of a test to identify censorable obscenity, they examine the nature of pornography and conclude that it provides a useful guide. They find that 'hard-core pornography' is the foundation for the 'constant' concept of obscenity currently applied by the Court; and they advocate a 'variable' concept which would make the validity of censorship depend upon the particular material's primary audience and upon the nature of the appeal to that audience. The authors also discuss: (1) the requirement that material be judged as a whole on the basis of its dominant theme, (2) the weight to be given 'redeeming social importance,' (3) the protection of 'immoral' ideas and the 'end of ideological obscenity,' (4) the requirement of scienter, (5) the meaning and application of 'contemporary community standards,' and (6) the need for independent judicial review of obscenity findings."
--------. "Literature, the Law of Obscenity, and the Constitution." Minnesota Law Review, 38:295-395, March 1954. L329 §
The entire issue is devoted to a well-documented study of the law of obscenity in the United States as interpreted by the courts. The account begins with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling to uphold the conviction of Doubleday in the case of the Memoirs of Hecate County. A review of censorship today includes action against paperback books and an extended treatment of the National Organization for Decent Literature. The authors discuss the various concepts of obscenity and trace court decisions from the Lord Cockburn dicta in Queen v. Hicklin to the Woolsey-Hand decisions on Ulysses. They consider the effect of reading on thoughts, actions, community moral standards, and the probable audience. One section deals with works of educational and scientific value that have been charged as obscene--x education and birth control literature. They discuss the extent to which the constitutional guarantees cover sex expression and the application of Mr. Justice Holmes's "clear and present danger" phrase to sex expression. The authors consider the use of secret lists as the greatest threat to free expression in the realm of sex.
-------. "Obscenity in the Courts." Law and Contemporary Problems, 20:587-607, Autumn 1955. L330 §
This article largely recapitulates portions of an earlier study, Literature, the Law of Obscenity, and the Constitution, that appeared in the Minnesota Law Review, March 1954.
Lodge, Sir Oliver. "The Responsibility of Authors." Fortnightly Review, 87 (n.s):257-67, February 1910. L331
In a talk given before the Authors' Club, 20 December 1909, Sir Oliver shows by example how "contemporary criticism may be mistaken, and that a hasty censorship may commit much injustice," especially when it tries to restrict circulation of an idea. Freedom is essential to literature and the other arts.
Loevinger, Lee. "Broadcasting and Religious Liberty." Journal of Broadcasting, 9(1):3-23, Winter 1964-5. L332
The author calls for a reappraisal of FCC practices and doctrines on supervision of religious programming in light of recent Supreme Court decisions.
-------. "The Role of Law in Broadcasting." Journal of Broadcasting, 8:113-26, Spring 1964. L333
The FCC Commissioner believes that regulations should be limited to listing forbidden acts rather than attempting to list what the station or industry must do.
[Lofft, Capell]. An Essay on the Law of Libels; with an Appendix Containing Authorities; Subjoined, Remarks on the Case in Ireland of Attachment and the Letter of T. Erskine, on the Subject. London, 1785. 110p. L334
Lofft, an English rationalist and follower of the doctrine of Thomas Erskine, insists on the right of the jury rather than the judge to decide whether a work is libelous. He defends the right of the people to censure public men and measures, as necessary to a free government. His ideas come close to denying the entire concept of seditious libel.
Lofton, John. "Justice and the Press; Communication Inside and Outside the Courtroom." St. Louis University Law Journal, 6:449-88, Fall 1961. L335
The article offers an "analysis of the interaction of the public press and the courts. It is hoped that this analysis will be of help in determining under what circumstances and in what ways the individual right to due process should take precedence over the collective public right to know, and, conversely, where free news reporting may be allowed without unduly jeopardizing the individual's right to an impartial trial."
-------. "The Press Manages the News." Progressive, 27(7):16-20, June 1963. L336
A criticism of the employment of news by editors "as a weapon of the cold war rather than a source of enlightenment about world events."
"Lolita in the Dock." New Zealand Libraries, 23:180-83, August 1960. L337
[London, Ephraim]. "There Must Be Freedom to Expound All Ideas: An Interview with Ephraim London Conducted by Mary Batten." Film Comment, 1(4):2-19, 1963. (Reprinted, University of Missouri, Freedom of Information Center, Publication no. 121) L338 §
Verbatim report of an interview with a lawyer who has fought many cases of film censorship, including The Bicycle Thief and The Miracle case (1952) in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that the motion picture was protected under the First Amendment. London rejects the idea that the film requires special regulation because of its great impact. "The more effective the medium, the greater the freedom it should have." Films are subject to greater censorship than stage plays because they are a more popular and less expensive form of entertainment. He discusses the work of various state and local film censorship boards, including Providence, R.I., where police censorship is in force. He comments especially on the Kansas board's action against The Sky Above, The Mud Below, because of scenes of a few naked aborigines. He defends the rights of organizations such as the Legion of Decency to recommend and condemn films although he disagrees with their judgment and opposes government action to enforce their recommendations. Every policy and philosophy no matter how distasteful or evil it may be should be allowed to be shown on film; the same medium can and should be utilized to counteract hate and evil. London does not favor the British system of classifying films for children; while he feels it is not a violation of the Constitution, it is not effective. Librarians, he states, "more than any other group, have insisted on the freedom to read." Complete freedom of the films, as with all media, is the answer to censorship.
London. County Council. Censorship of Cinematograph Films. Special Committee on Procedure for Licensing Places of Public Entertainment. Report to the Clerk of the Council. London, County Council, 1929. 8p. L339
-------. Public Morality Council. Annual Reports. London, The Council, 1901-date? L340
The Council superseded the National Vigilance Association in 1899, which, in 1885, had succeeded the Society for the Suppression of Vice. The Council was for a time called the London Council for the Promotion of Public Morality. From 1954 onwards, issues of the report are entitled Public Morals.
-------. Public Morals Conference. The Nation's Morals; Being the Proceedings of the Public Morals Conference Held in London on the 14th and 15th July, 1910 . . . With a Preface by the Rt. Hon. Alfred Emmott . . . London, Published for the National Social Purity Crusade by Cassell and Co., [1910?]. 263p. L341
Section 3 deals with Books, Newspapers, Theatres. Three topics are discussed: (1) How may the organization of publishers, news agents, circulating libraries, journalists, and authors check the production and circulation of noxious reports and publications? (2) Should the law be strengthened, having due regard to the liberty of the press and for the suppression of noxious publications? Among the contributors to this section are John St. Loe Strachey, editor of The Spectator, Canon H. D. Rawnsley, and Anthony Comstock. (3) The relation of the theatre to public morals.
-------. Stationers' Company. A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London . . . 1554-1640 . . . Edited by Edward Arber. London, Privately printed, 1875-94, 5 vols. L342
Source of information on the rules and regulations of the Company of Stationers, the licensing or refusal to license printing, and the controversies over the licensing system.
The London Printer, His Lamentation; or, the Press Oppressed, Or Overpressed. London, 1660. 8p. (Also in Harleian Miscellany, vol. 7, pp. 104-11) L343
A brief history of printing in England, including its regulation by the Crown up to 1640. The lament is against the monopoly granted to certain printers by the Crown, in which printing is prostituted for every vile purpose, both in Church and State. He accuses printers Christopher Barker, John Bell, Thomas Newcomb, John Field, and Henry Hills of inflaming the people against the king.
[Long, Howard R.] "Case Studies in Stewardship." Grassroots Editor, 5(1):2-5, January 1964. (Digested in St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 March 1964) L344 §
An account of three editors of small-town papers (Midlothian, Tex., Morrilton, Ark., and Holmes County, Miss.) who have been awarded the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award for Courage in Journalism by the Department of Journalism, Southern Illinois University. Despite financial losses, boycotts, and threats of violence they continued to fight for freedom of the press.
Long, Joseph R. "The Freedom of the Press." Virginia Law Review, 5:233-46, January 1918. L345
A general summary of the struggle for a free press in the United States and Great Britain.
Longacre, Charles S. Freedom, Civil and Religious; the American Conception of Liberty for Press, Pulpit, and Public, as Guaranteed in the Federal Constitution. Issued by the Religious Liberty Association, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1920. 128p. L346
A Seventh-day Adventist work.
[Loomis, Horatio N.]. Report of the Trial. [The people v. Dr. Horatio N. Loomis, for Libel.] Tried at the Erie County Oyer and Terminer, June, 24, 1850; Justice Mullett Presiding. Buffalo, N.Y., Press of Jewett, Thomas & Co., 1850. 50p. L347
Trial relates to the practice of midwifery.
López, Salvador P. "Freedom of Information." Vital Speeches, 20:411-13, 15 April 1954. L348
The Filipino delegate to the United Nations, chosen to prepare a report which would assist the UN in its effort to facilitate the free flow of news throughout the world, discusses the proposals in his report. He pays tribute to the English language as "kindling wood" for freedom.
-------. Freedom of Information, 1953. New York, UNESCO, 1953. 64p. L349
A report to UNESCO on contemporary problems and developments in freedom of communications, with evidence of surviving authoritative controls, and recommendations for practical action.
Lorch, Fred W., W. P. Jones, and Keith Huntress, eds. of Time and Truth. New York, Dryden, 1946. 590p. L350
A section on Freedom of Expression includes the following: Morris Ernst, Freedom to Read, See, and Hear; Plato, Censorship in The Republic; John Milton, Areopagitica; a selection from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, asserting the right of the sovereign to censor; expressions of Thomas Jefferson on the role of a free press in a democracy; Walt Whitman's "Shut not Your doors to me proud libraries . . . " from his Leaves of Grass; Mark Twain's speech on freedom of the press; and a selection from Marshall Field's Freedom Is More Than a Word.
Lord, Daniel A. The Motion Pictures Betray America. St. Louis, The Queen's Work, 1934. 48p. L351
"I accuse the Motion Picture Industry of the United States of the most terrible betrayal of public trust in the history of our country. I charge them with putting the profits of the box office ahead of all considerations of decency, respect for law, or love of a nation's health and happiness." Despite the 1930 Production Code, Father Lord believes the movies continue to be objectionable, with a few men fighting to enforce the Code and others trying to evade it. He calls upon Catholics to follow the lead of the Bishops by boycotting objectionable pictures.
"Lord Campbell's Bill." Law Magazine and Law Review, 3(3d ser.):283-86, 1857. L352
A criticism of Lord Campbell's obscenity bill as being "well-meant" to attack a real evil, but an "ill-devised measure" that would give the informer, the magistrate, and the policeman power over literature. Article attributed to Lord Brougham.
"Lord Chamberlain: The Regulator." Economist, 204:682, 25 August 1962. L353
Editorial expressing the hope that the new Lord Chamberlain will reduce his theatrical censorship activities to the minimum. "It is easier to be a straightforward censor of morals (which the Lord Chamberlain is not) than a judge of public taste."
Lorensen, W. D. "The Journalist and His Confidential Source: Should a Testimonial Privilege Be Allowed." Nebraska Law Review, 35:562-80, May 1956. L354
"Los Angeles Bumps Bump Dancer Out of Show." Art Digest, 16:12, 1 March 1942. L355
When the California Watercolor Society's 21st annual exhibition was moved from San Francisco to Los Angeles, the charge of censorship was raised by a Hollywood newspaper because one of the pictures was not hung but kept in the back room.
Los Angeles Daily Journal. Report on Pornography. Los Angeles, Daily Journal, 1958. 24p. L356
A comprehensive survey of obscene literature, cartoons, photographs, and films in southern California.
Los Angeles Times. Freedom of the Press Affirmed. Los Angeles, The Times, 1941. 19p. L357
"What the contempt of court victory of the Los Angeles Times in the United States Supreme Court means to the American public and to American newspapers."
Loth, David. The Erotic In Literature. A historical survey of pornography as delightful as it is indiscreet. New York, Messner, 1961. 256p. L358
A survey of pornography from the Golden Age of Greece down to present-day underground traffic in salacity. The author believes there is great confusion as to what constitutes a forbidden obscenity, who should declare it so, from whom it should be kept, and how the prohibition should be enforced. In the final chapter he considers the various proposals for meeting the present-day problem of pornography.
Louaillier, Alfred R. Government Regulation of Radio Programming. Lawrence, University of Kansas, 1955. 143p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) L359
Loucks, Philip G. "Section 315." Federal Communications Bar Journal, 18:33-36, 1963. L360
This paper, the result of a study of the Communications Act of 1934 conducted by the Federal Communications Bar Association, recommends the repeal of Section 315 which provides for equal time for political candidates.
Louisiana Legislative Council. The Regulation of Obscenity, Indecency, and Salacious Literature in the United States. Baton Rouge, La., The Council, 1959. 72p. mimeo. L361
Lounsbury, Thomas R. "A Puritan Censor of the Stage." Yale Review, 12:790-810, July 1923. L362
An account of William Prynne's criticism of the stage in his work Histrio-Mastix (1633), for which he was arrested, convicted, and imprisoned.
Louthan, Shirley. The McCarthy Sub-Committee and the American Overseas Libraries. Cleveland, Western Reserve University, School of Library Science, 1958. 59p. (Unpublished Masters' thesis) L363
Lovat-Fraser, James A. Erskine. Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, 1932. 155p. L364
An appraisal of the career and character of the eloquent defender of freedom of the press in the sedition and libel trials of late eighteenth-century England.
Lovejoy, Joseph C., and Owen Lovejoy. Memoir of the Rev. Ehjah P. Lovejoy; Who Was Murdered in Defence of the Liberty of the Press, at Alton, Illinois, Nov. 7, 1837. With an Introduction by John Quincy Adams. New York, John S. Taylor, 1838. 382p. L365
The story of Lovejoy, written by two of his brothers immediately after Elijah's death, is the major source of material on his life and the Alton riot. The work consists of editorials, news stories, testimonials, and family letters, joined together with brief comment. Lovejoy was murdered when he attempted to protect his printing press from a proslavery mob.
Lovell, James. Copy of a Letter . . . to the President of the United States, Supposed by the Writer to be Fitted, Specially, for the Eye and Courage of the "Young Federal Republicans of Boston" and also to be Calculated, Generally, to Promote the Comfort of All Grey-Headed as well as Green-Headed "Free Citizens," Everywhere. Boston, A. Newell, [1805]. 8p. L366
Liberty of the press is "a broad sword of Defense," but, in the hands of the licentious, an equally broad instrument of offense. The cause of false use is the "nonsensical trinitarian partition of Man into thought, word, and action," instead of a simple division of thought and action. Speaking and writing, according to the author, is action "as truly as sneezing, coughing, even spitting; and Words, directed slyly to the Ears and Eyes of a free citizen of proper sensibilities, may be as offensive as any of those other actions directed plumply into his face."
Lovett, William. Life and Struggles of William Lovett in His Pursuit of Bread, Knowledge, and Freedom, with Some Short Account of the Different Associations He Belonged to and of the Opinions He Entertained. With an Introduction by R. H. Tawney. New York, Knopf, 1920. 2 vols. (Reprinted from the first edition of 1876) L367
Lovett was a nineteenth-century English radical and a colleague of Hetherington, Place, and Watson in the attack on taxes on knowledge. In 1839 Lovett and a colleague were tried for publishing a "seditious libel" (a Chartist resolution) and sentenced to a year in prison.
[-------.] Trial for Seditious Libel, Assizes at Warwick. London, 1839. 19p. (Also in Macdonell, Report of State Trials, vol. 4, pp. 1177-88) L368 §
Lowenstein, Ralph L. Assault on the Press, 1964. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1965. 8p. (Publication no. 145) L369 §
An examination to determine the nature, reasons, and results of the numerous attacks made on the press during 1964.
-------. Obscenity and the Supreme Court. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1966. 6p. (Publication no. 154) L370 §
A review of the history of obscenity rulings of the federal courts and an examination of the issues in obscenity cases now before the Supreme Court.
Lowenthal, David. "Macaulay and the Freedom of the Press." American Political Science Review, 57:661-64, September 1963. L371
Review and commentary on Macaulay's ideas of freedom of the press as expressed in his History of England. The author concludes that "Macaulay's liberalism was and is inconsistent and inadequate. He did not allow his principles and perceptions to converge."
Lowry, Edward G. "The Reform in the Movies." World's Work, 50:329-33, July 1925. L372
In praise of the film industry's efforts at self-improvement and self-censorship.
Lubasz, H. M. "Public Opinion Comes of Age: Reform of the Libel Law in the Eighteenth Century." History Today, 8:453-61, July 1958. L373
Account of the struggle in the eighteenth century for freedom of the press which, in the context of this essay, was "the freedom to express political opinion publicly and in writing." In legal form it "was a contest over the respective powers of judge and jury in trials for political libel." Cases are considered which led to the Fox Libel Act of 1792.
Lucas, Edward. "Mr. Mill upon Liberty of the Press." In Henry E. Manning, Essays on Religion and Literature . . . London, Henry S. King, 1874, pp. 142-73. L374
Lucas refutes the thesis of Mill's Essay on Liberty that there is a "natural right to deny the existence of God, or to call in question the commonly received doctrines of morality." Man's inherent right of liberty is only to speak or write the truth, not to believe and promulgate falsehood. Since God has revealed Himself and His will to man, to refute this revelation is to express false opinion. To suppress such opinion will rob mankind of nothing.
Lucey, Cornelius. "The Freedom of the Press." Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 50 (ser. 5):584-99, December 1937. L375
Freedom of the press is guaranteed in the new Irish constitution. Father Lucey supports the statement that blasphemy is punishable by law (he wishes it would also include "anti-religious" publications) but believes the libel laws are too severe in prohibiting criticism of public men. Legal freedom of the press is "only half the real freedom of the Press"; the press must be free of business pressures and must express varying points of view.
Luchsinger, John A. "A Blueprint for Censorship of Obscene Material: Standards for Procedural Due Process." Villanova Law Review, 11:125-38, Fall 1965. L376
"Prior restraint by an administrative or law enforcement agency is not permitted. Censorship boards or commissions may be set up, if standards of education and competency of its members are designed to guard against arbitrary decisions. Decisions by such commissions may not be used to threaten a publisher, distributor, or vendor. It is submitted that decisions by such commissions should be used only to aid law enforcement agents in obtaining possibly objective material."
Lucidus, pseud. "Peoples' Press." Canadian Forum, 18:77-79, June 1938. L377
"We want to make the Canadian press directly dependent on the support of its readers instead of the support of its wealthy owners and advertisers. We want to make it possible for any faction or school of thought, no matter how poor its adherents may be, to have access to some organ which will present its views." Recommends a provincial press commission.
Lucifer, The Light-Bearer. Published at Valley Falls, Kan.; Topeka, Kan.; Chicago. Edited by Moses Harman and (for a time) E. C. Walker. 1883-1907. Weekly. L378 §
"A journal of Investigation and Reform Devoted to the Emancipation of Women from Sex Slavery; An Untrammeled Peace." The issues of this paper frequently attack the Comstock laws and postal censors, and defend persons under prosecution for obscenity or blasphemy. Articles appearing in the paper and separately published tracts dealing with birth control resulted in Harman's spending some ten years either in jail or under bond on obscenity charges.
Ludwig, Frederick J. "Journalism and Justice in Criminal Law." St. John's Law Review, 28:197-219, May 1954. L379
A professor of law reviews the struggle between press and the courts over the conduct of judicial proceedings-an issue involving two historic constitutional rights. He finds no instantaneous solution, but rather the "patient application of highly specific remedies on a case by case, trial and error basis."
Lundberg, Ferdinand. "Crusade for a Free Press Cartel." Common Sense, 14:34-37, May 1945. L380
"Newspaper publishers are calling for a free press over the world . . . Their motives however are not unselfish. . . . They want to take over the extensive, government-built news transmission facilities. . . . They want government aid in entering new press markets. . . . The only visible enemies in the world of free distribution of information are totalitarian governments, the big private newspaper cartels, and secret alliances between any type of government and private press cartels."
Lundevall, Karl-Erik, et al. Forbjudna Bocker och Nordisk Debatt om Tryckfrihet och Sedlighet. Stockholm, Wahlstrom & Widstrand, 1958. 324p. L381
Includes chapters on censorship of the works of Darwin (Ake Gustafsson), Joyce's Ulysses (Gunnar Brandell), Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover (Olof Lagercrantz), in addition to chapters relating to censorship in the Scandinavian countries.
Lundy, Inez G. "Legislative Delegation of Authority to Administrative Agency--Constitutional Law--Freedom of the Press." Temple Law Quarterly, 35:334-37, Spring 1962. L382
The California District Court held unconstitutional the California Business and Professional Code which prohibited the exhibition or distribution of printed matter on certain subjects except through designated state agencies.
Lunn, A. Jean E. "Bibliography of the History of the Canadian Press." Canadian Historical Review, 22:416-33, December 1941. L383
Includes references to freedom of the press.
Luraschi, Luigi. "Censorship at Home and Abroad." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 254:147-152, November 1947. L384
The director of censorship for Paramount Pictures discusses the film industry's self-censorship under the Production Code and the regulations of states, cities, and foreign governments. He also discusses the various themes that are offensive to audiences in various countries and which must be avoided or deleted for film export.
Luscher, Thomas. "Freedom of Speech and Press as a Limitation on the Contempt Power." Marquette Law Review, 40:313-24, Winter 1956-57. L385
Notes on Bridges v. California (1941) in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that [to quote from the author of the article] "the power of state courts to impose criminal punishment for contempt on individuals who, by public comment, attempt to exert influence over judicial proceedings, was subject to the freedoms of speech and press guaranteed by the First Amendment."
Lusk, Louis B. "The Present Status of the 'Clear and Present Danger' Test--A Brief History and Some Observations." Kentucky Law Journal, 45:576-606, Spring 1957. L386
The "clear and present danger" test was an attempt on the part of the U.S. Supreme Court to answer the question: How much freedom and how much restraint? The article reviews the history of that doctrine and appraises its present status.
Lutnick, S. M. "Who Should Choose the Books?" Library Journal, 87:1951-54, 15 May 1962; also in School Library Journal, 8:19-22, May 1962. L387
"School librarians who shudder at the word 'controversial' must not be entrusted with the crucial task of selecting the books our youngsters will read. The question, then, is . . . 'Who Should Choose the Books?'" The author, a history professor, claims that school librarians are being forced to give ground in the matter of controversial books, yielding to pressure of superintendent or principal, who in turn yields to outside pressure groups. He feels that the classroom teacher should have final authority to recommend specific titles for the school library.
[Lyman, Theodore, Jr.] Report of a Trial in the Supreme Judicial Court, Holden at Boston, Dec. 16th and 17th, 1828, of Theodore Lyman, Jr., for an Alleged Libel on Daniel Webster, a Senator of the United States, Published in the Jackson Republican, Comprising All the Documents and Testimony Given in the Cause, and Full Notes of Arguments of Counsel, and the Charge of the Court . . . Boston, Putnam and Hunt, 1828. 76p. L388
The style of the indictment against Lyman is of special interest, being based upon the law of scandalum magnatum, or slander of great men. The offense originated with the English Star Chamber but was never recognized in the common law of the United States. The case is also reported in Benton, A Notable Libel Case.
Lynch, Frederick. "Censorship and Art." Christian Century, 44:297-98, 10 March 1927. L389
A discussion of the increasing indecency of the New York stage and the difficulties in efforts at a clean-up. Unless the managers and producers initiate sweeping reform, censorship is inevitable. A recent play-jury was unsuccessful. The writer suggests the appointment of a state censor "who shall have oversight of public morals in general--the theatre, the revues, the moving pictures, the books, and magazines."
Lynch, James J. "The Right to Read--and Not to Read." Modern Age, 9:18-33, Winter 1964-65. L390
A summary of the various concepts of freedom to read, including the development of legal doctrine, as expressed by recent writers. Special attention is given to the attacks on censorship in the schools by the National Council of Teachers of English. Alongside the "right to read" is an even more fundamental right--"the right not to read." An individual has the right to impose a censorship on himself.
Lynch, John J. "Forbidden Reading." Books on Trial, 15:297-98, 344-50, March 1957. L391
Father Lynch discusses books prohibited by the Catholic Church and the bases for the restrictions.
Lynd, Robert. "The Bounds of Decency." Atlantic Monthly, 139:748-59, June 1927. L392
A glance through literature brings the author to the conclusion that "everybody is shocked by somebody or something . . . the sense of decency is . . . an eternal and universal part of human nature." The author feels that a decorum of one sort or another is essential. He observes that today it is not the comic writers but the writers who never make a joke who transgress the bounds of decency.
Lyne, Fritz. "Defamation as Applied to a Group or Class." Texas Law Review, 21:819-22, June 1943. L393
Regarding Knupffer v. London Express Newspaper, Ltd., 167 L.T.D. 376 (1942). Defamation of a group will not afford an individual member cause for libel action unless the group is so small as to identify members completely, or when words purport to refer to a class but, in fact, refer to one or more individuals who are identifiable.
[Lyon, Matthew]. "Trial for Seditious Libel, Vergennes, Vt., 1798." In Wharton, State Trials, pp. 333-44; also in American State Trials, vol. 6, pp. 687-94. L394
Congressman Lyon was the first to be prosecuted under the Sedition Act, accused of publishing an antiadministration letter in his Vermont paper, The Scourge of Aristocracy. A rabid Republican member of Congress, Lyon conducted his own defense, was convicted, fined $1,000 and sentenced to 4 months in jail. He was re-elected to Congress while serving his prison term. In 1840 Lyon's heirs were refunded the $1,000 fine (U.S. Senate Doc. 106, 16th Cong., 1st sess.). A full account of the case is given in Smith, Freedom's Fetters, chapter 11.
Lyons, Eugene. "The Esquire Affair." American Mercury, 58:317-18, March 1944. L395
Editorial criticism of Postmaster-General Walker's action in revoking second-class mailing privileges of Esquire. "As long as one man remains the judge of any paper's or magazine's right to share in a general privilege, freedom of the press is an empty phrase."
Lyons, Louis M. "A Free and Responsible Press." Nieman Reports, 1(2):1-3, April 1947. L396
Review of the report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press.
-------. "Liebling, Libel, and the Press." Atlantic Monthly, 213(5):43-48, May 1964. L397
A review of recent criticism of the press (including that of A. J. Liebling) and an appraisal of the Alabama libel case against the New York Times, involving reporting and advertising on the racism that has afflicted the state. The U.S. Supreme Court held for the newspaper, affirming that criticism in good faith is entitled to protection. The opinion stated that "the constitutional guarantees require, we think, a Federal rule that prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves that the statement was made with 'actual malice.'"
-------. "The Press and Its Critics." Atlantic Monthly, 180:115-16, July 1947. L398
The lack of coverage by newspapers of the report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press illustrates the need for the internal criticism of the press that the Commission recommended.
-------. "What's Fit to Print?" New Republic, 144:17-19, 5 June 1961. L399
Comments on newspapermen's reactions to President Kennedy's request, following the Cuban missile crisis, for more restraint by the press in covering news involving national security, and specifically, his proposal that the newspapers themselves appoint a journalist of some stature to serve as a voluntary clearing house for security matters. The author discusses the problem of how much restraint to exercise in reporting manifest activities of the CIA.
-------, Clark Mollenhoff, and Edwin A. Lahey. Secrecy in Government. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1959. 7p. (Publication no. 13) L400 §
Transcription of a television program.
-------, Theodore White, and John K. Fairbank. The News from China. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1959. 7p. (Publication no. 12) L401 §
Transcript of a television panel in which two newspapermen and a professor of China-studies criticize State Department policy that prevents Americans from getting adequate news from Communist China.
[Lytton, Edward R. B.]. "Liberty of the Press; an Old Fable." Fortnightly Review, 24:178-88, August 1875. L402
A "modern" poem based on the Prometheus legend.
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