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H.., W. E. "Proposed Reduction of the Stamp Duty on Newspapers." London and Westminster Review, 25:264-70, April 1836. H1
Haas, Warren J. English Book Censorship. Rochester, N.Y., University of Rochester Press for the Association of College and Research Libraries, 1955. 80p. (2 cards) (ACRL Microcards, no. 49) H2
A general survey prepared as a bachelor's thesis in library science at the University of Wisconsin.
Hachten, William A. "The Press as Reporter and Critic of Government." Journalism Quarterly, 40:12-18, Winter 1963. H3
"Pointing out how the press itself can utilize the machinery of government to bring about the continuing adjustments necessary to maintain its freedom and vigor, a Wisconsin scholar urges further studies so that the political theory of the government and the press may be restated in more realistic terms."
Hackett, Francis. "The Invisible Censor." New Republic, 21:11-13, 3 December 1919. H4
The invisible censor is the reader "who feels that social facts must be manicured and pedicured before they are fit to be seen." Each of us becomes an invisible censor in opposing certain ideas whether they are on suffrage, sex, or politics. The author's comments are an outgrowth of his favorable review of Strachey's Eminent Victorian.
-------. "A Muzzle Made in Ireland." Dublin Magazine, 11 (n.s.):8-17, October 1936. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 393-98) H5 §
The Irish-American biographer and novelist discusses Irish censorship law under which his own novel, The Green Lion, was banned. "The Censorship law is repugnant to every instinct of a free man, ignorant in its conception, ridiculous in its methods, odious in its fruits, bringing the name of self-governing Irishmen into contempt wherever the freedom of literature is understood, and revealing the muddle and immaturity of our statecraft." He challenges the Irish people to get rid of this self-imposed law.
Hackett, Paul. Obscenity Trial. New York, New American Library, 1964. 144p. (A Signet Book) H6
A novel developed around an obscenity trial involving the sale of a book surveying human sexual behavior. The arguments for prosecution and defense bring out the various issues on the suppression of freedom of sex expression.
Hackwood, Frederick W. William Hone, His Life and Times. London, Unwin, 1912. 373p. H7
A biography of the English political satirist and pamphleteer who, in 1817, was arrested under an "ex-officio information" and tried for blasphemous libel for his three political parodies. The parodies were modeled on the Catechism, the Litany, and the Apostle's Creed. Hone was acquitted in each of three separate trials. The real basis of prosecution was Hone's attacks on the ministries of Lords Sidmouth and Castlereagh in his Reformists' Register.
Hadfield, John. "Book Censorship in Britain at War." Publishers' Weekly, 139:2362-64, 14 June 1941. H8
The editor for Dent outlines the book censorship situation as it has existed in England since the start of the war. Censorship of materials intended for use outside Great Britain is compulsory and largely automatic; censorship of material intended for publication within Great Britain is on a voluntary basis.
Haefner, John H. "The Battle of the Books." National Education Association Journal, 42:227-28, April 1953. H9
The author charts a general course of action which schools may take to weather textbook attacks.
Hager, J. W. "Civil Libel and Slander in Oklahoma." Tulsa Law Journal, 2:1-31, January 1965. H10
"In this article I hope to give the reader a survey and sometimes critical analysis of the law of libel and slander in Oklahoma as such law is reflected in the Constitution, the statutes, and the cases. . . . For a long time there were comparatively few actions brought for defamation, but it would appear from newspaper reports . . . that within the past few years there has been a great increase in the number of defamation cases filed both in Oklahoma and in the other states, and a corresponding increase in the amount of damage sought by the plaintiffs."
Hagerty, Sheward. "Censorship." Show Business Illustrated 1(7):30-35, 44, 72-74, 28 November 1961. H11
An examination of movie censorship in some detail as practiced by the Production Code and by city boards, as movies delve into more provocative themes. Despite sporadic outbursts, the author finds that formal censorship in local communities is on the wane, the courts have given movies greater freedom, and the Production Code is decidedly more liberal.
Hahesy, J. E. "Declaratory Relief in Obscenity Proceedings." California Librarian, 25, 177-80, July 1964. H12
A consideration of the declaratory relief section of the California Code of Civil Procedure by which books believed to be obscene may be brought before the Superior Court for a judgment, before there has been any breach of an obligation by any party. The case under discussion is Zeitlin v. Arnebergh and the book involved is Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. The California Supreme Court held that this was a proper case for declaratory judgment. "The use of the relief process instead of criminal procedure, in the field of censorship will be a salutary change from the standpoint of the public, the bookseller, and the librarian."
Haig, Robert L. The Gazetteer, 1735-1797. A Study in the Eighteenth-Century English Newspaper. Carbondale, Ill., Southern Illinois University Press, 1960. 335p. H13
"The [London] Gazetteer was distinguished by being one of the first papers chosen for prosecution by the House of Commons, and its printer being one of the first to resist." The Gazetteer was one of the papers that came to the defense of "Wilkes and Liberty" and faced indictment for publishing the famous Junius letter. The paper was also prosecuted for a libel on the Russian ambassador.
Haight, Anne L. Banned Books: Informal Notes on Some Books Banned for Various Reasons at Various Times and in Various Places. 2d ed. rev. and enl. New York, Bowker, 1955. 172p. H14
A chronological list of books banned from 387 B. C. to 1954, showing, by means of commentary, the trend in censorship throughout the years and the change in thought and taste. Included are books condemned because of heresy, treason, or obscenity; some have withstood the condemnation of their times to become classics of today. The appendix contains statements on Nazi book-burning, Senator McCarthy's attacks on the United States overseas libraries, censorship in public libraries, the action against comic books, and textbook censorship. Excerpts from notable statements on freedom of the press, court decisions, and customs and postal regulations are included. A bibliographic check list is given on pages 158-62.
Haight, George I. "Freedom of Speech and of the Press--Now." Bill of Rights Review 1:278-85, Summer 1941. H15
An appeal for straight thinking and calm appraisal to avoid hysteria that might lead to unwise abridgment of a free press in wartime.
Haiman, Franklyn S. Freedom of Speech: Issues and Cases. New York, Random, 1965. 207p. H16
A selection of statements on freedom of speech extracted from court decisions and the writings of scholars and public officials. Each document is placed in perspective, and its philosophical, legal, and psychological implications are considered. Attention has been concentrated on three broad areas which include most of the major American cases of the twentieth century--speech that inflames an audience and creates a danger of disorder; speech that is viewed as a threat to national survival; and speech that is regarded as corrupting to public morality. The work is intended as a text for the study of the problems of freedom of speech.
Haimbaugh, George D., Jr. "Film Censorship Since Roth-Alberts." Kentucky Law Journal, 51: 656-66, Summer 1963. H17 §
The author discusses the cases of Roth v. U.S. and Alberts v. California--in which the Supreme Court held that obscenity is not constitutionally protected--and the film censorship cases that followed. Roth-Alberts provided a prurient interest test; Times Film Corp. I (1957) helped to restrict the legal meaning of obscenity to "hard-core" pornography; Kingsley Pictures (Lady Chatterley's Lover) in 1959 held that a movie depicting immorality cannot be required by state law to show that such conduct does not pay; and Times Film Corp. II (Don Juan) in 1961 "held that a statute providing for prior restraint is not invalid per se, and may have hinted that obscenity could be an exception to the general rule against prior restraints."
-------. "Free Press Versus Fair Trial: The Contribution of Mr. Justice Frankfurter." University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 26:491-520, March 1965. H18
"Resolution of conflict between competing constitutional provisions is nowhere more crucial than in contempt of publication and trial by newspaper cases. The conflict in these areas, however, is clearly defined by the differing views of Mr. Justice Frankfurter and the majority of the United States Supreme Court. Professor Haimbaugh, in this article, presents a critical exposition of Mr. Justice Frankfurter's opinions as they relate to the constitutional conflict by contrasting them with those of the majority of the Court."
Haines, Fred. "City of Angels vs. Scorpio Rising." Nation, 199:123-25, 14 September 1964. H19
An art theater manager in Hollywood was found guilty on an obscenity charge for showing the movie, Scorpio Rising.
Haines, Helen E. "Balancing the Books: Reason Enthroned." Library Journal, 73:149-54, 1 February 1948. H20
An appeal to librarians to resist attempts by pressure groups to suppress everything they consider subversive, but to balance their collections with books that will develop a better understanding of world cooperation, tolerance, etc.
-------. "Committee on Intellectual Freedom." California Library Association Bulletin, 2:117-18, December 1940. H21
A review of the charges made by O. K. Armstrong in the American Legion Magazine (September 1940) that American schools were harboring subversive literature. Armstrong's blacklist includes books of Harold O. Rugg and Charles and Mary Beard. The Committee advises librarians to become familiar with the background and progress of the American Legion attack.
Haines, Henry. Treachery, Baseness, and Cruelty Display'd to the Full; in the Hardships and Sufferings of Mr. Henry Haines, Late Printer of the Country Journal, or, Craftsman, . . . London, 1740. 32p. H22
Haines became printer of 'The Craftsman in 1731, after Richard Franklin's imprisonment. Six years later he was arrested for an article likening George II to Shakespeare's King John; he was fined and given a year in prison. Haines is bitter, not only because of the sentence, but because his employers failed to pay his fine, and since he was unable to raise the money he faced perpetual imprisonment.
Haldeman-Julius, Emanuel. "The Downfall of a Smut Hound." Debunker, 12(4):24-26, September 1930. H23
An amusing story of how an agent provocateur for a vice society was himself trapped by a Pittsburgh bookseller. The author of the article is the publisher of the Little Blue Books, frequently the subject of public controversy.
-------. "Why I Do Not Believe in Censorship. Girard, Kan., Haldeman-Julius, 1930. 32p. (Little Blue Book no. 1549) H24
"The real animus of censorship lies in a dislike for art that at, whether imaginatively or realistically, runs counter to notions of respectability which the censors personally regard as sacrosanct and which they pretend have the just force of great social necessities . . . Censorship is foolish and the censors personally illustrate its foolishness to the last degree."
Hale, William G. "Freedom of Speech and of the Press--Resolution of the Missouri Bar Association." Illinois Law Bulletin, 2:440-52, February 1920. H25 §
In spite of the general merit of the resolution proposing a peacetime sedition act, the author sees danger unless its application is confined to cases where the criminal intent is clear and the likelihood of causing lawless acts is imminent.
-------. "Freedom of Speech and the Press. Quill, 11:3-4, 10 May 1923. H26
The dean, University of Oregon School of Law, reviews the historical development of freedom of the press in England and the United States, criticizing the existing restrictions on political expression which began with wartime censorship but continued after the war. He criticizes state legislation against anarchy and radicalism which suppresses a free press.
-------. The Law of the Press. 3d ed. St. Paul, West, 1948. 691 p. H27
Standard casebook containing statutes, cases, and a general discussion of legal issues. Covers areas of constitutional guarantees, libel, contempt, and invasion of privacy.
Halewyck de Heusch, Michel. Le Régime Legal de la Presse en Angleterre . . . Louvain, C. Peeters, 1899. 142p. (Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Sciences Politiques et Sociales de Louvain, 14) H28
Traces the legal concept of freedom of the press from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, with special attention to the English law of libel.
[Hall, A. Oakey]. The People of the State of New York vs. John A. Dix, and Five Others. Outlines of Argument of District attorney Hall, for Prosecution. New York, Baker & Godwin, 1864. 10p. H29
Arguments of the prosecution in the case of the State of New York against Major-General John A. Dix and others for ordering and carrying out the order for troops to seize and occupy the premises of the New York World and Journal of Commerce as a wartime measure. Hall cites legal precedence in support of freedom of the press in time of crisis and argues for the preservation of "these great safeguards of civil freedom, the habeas corpus, the right of trial by jury, and the right of personal liberty, unless deprived thereof for crime by due process of law."
Hall, Clarence W. "The Book They Couldn't Ban." Christian Herald, 73(7):17-18, 60-63, July 1950. H30
Account of the unsuccessful effort to ban Paul Blanshard's American Freedom and Catholic Power.
------- . "Poison in Print and How to Get Rid of It." Reader's Digest, 84:94-98 May 1964. H31 §
The story of Citizens for Decent Literature (CDL), founded in Cincinnati by Charles H. Keating, and its spread to other cities. Keating defends local action against dealers rather than national action against publishers, which, he maintains, ends up in the crowded dockets of the federal courts.
Hall, G. Stanley. Life and Confessions of a Psychologist. New York, Appleton, 1923. 623p. H32
This pioneer psychologist and first president of Clark University, accepted the presidency of the New England Watch and Ward Society in 1909 in order to change the Society's emphasis from censorship to a campaign for sex education. The Society did not choose to follow his leadership and he served only one term. In his autobiography, Hall reveals with great candor his almost morbid interest in the social evils of the day, especially during his association with the Society. In his work in behalf of sex education he was closely associated with Theodore A. Schroeder, an arch enemy of the vice societies.
Hall, James P. "Free Speech in War Time." Columbia Law Review, 21:526-37, June 1921. H33 §
The author defends the Espionage Acts as war measures, not likely to be retained in time of peace.
Hall, John M. "Preserving Liberty of the Press by the Defense of Privilege in Libel Actions." California Law Review, 26:226-39, January 1938. H34
"The defense of privilege in the law of libel is founded on the theory that in certain situations the individual's right to protection of his reputation must yield to the rights of others. It recognizes that there are times when the 'public benefit from . . . publicity' is paramount to individual immunity." This doctrine of qualified privilege is a mainstay to the freedom of the newspaper press.
Hall, Martin. "Revolt against Reason; Basis of Book-Burning." Nation, 178:30-32, 9 January 1954. H35 §
The author compares book burning and banning in America with similar activities under the Nazis in Germany twenty years earlier.
Hall, Robert. An Apology for the Freedom of the Press, and for General Liberty: to Which are Prefixed Remarks on Bishop Horsley's Sermon, Preached on the 30th of January Last. London, Printed for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1793. 103p. (Reprinted with related documents in The Works of Robert Hall, edited by Olinthus Gregory, London, Bohn, 1845. vol. 3, pp. 61-202) H36
This eloquent statement, delivered by a prominent Baptist minister, is a landmark in the development of the idea of press freedom. Hall protested vigorously against the sedition trials of Muir, Palmer, and others, and the blasphemy prosecutions of Hone and Carlile, declaring that all men should have absolute liberty to discuss "every subject which can fall within the compass of the human mind." He opposed the vigilante societies that were being formed in England in the hysteria over the French Revolution. Societies, he said, are unable to make the subtle distinctions between liberty of the press and licentiousness. They transform great people into a race of spies and informers. "The law hath amply provided against overt acts of sedition and disorder, and to suppress mere opinion by any other method than reason and argument, is the height of tyranny." Hall was denounced by fellow clergymen as a radical whose opinions were contrary to the Scriptures. But he maintained his stand and reopened the controversy in 1821 by a republication of his original pamphlet. The collected work listed here contains the original statement, selected editorial charges, and Hall's replies.
Hall, Walter P. British Radicalism, 1791-1797. New York, Columbia University Press, 1912. 262p. (Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, vol. 49, no. 1) H37
A study of the radical reform movement that swept England and Scotland during the period of the French Revolution and was ultimately crushed by the suppressive measures of the Pitt government. Efforts at suppressing radical thought and the "seditious" pamphleteering brought prosecution against John Horne Tooke, the whimsical representative of old-time radicalism, William Cobbett, the Tory warrior, Daniel I. Eaton, Major Cartwright, John Thelwall, William Frend, and Thomas Spence. Two landmark cases in the history of freedom of the press are discussed--the sedition trials of Thomas Muir in Scotland and Thomas Paine in England. In the latter Erskine made his illustrious defense of freedom of the press.
Hall, William E. An Analysis of Post World War II Efforts to Expand Press Freedom Internationally. Iowa City, State University of Iowa, 1954. 397p. (Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, no. 10,213) H38
Haller, Frederick. "New Phase of the Contempt Cult." News Review, 2:388-90, July 1914. H39
Deals with the Samuel Gompers case and free speech injunctions in industrial disputes.
Haller, William. "'For the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing."' American Scholar, 14(3):326-33, Summer 1945. H40
Comments on Milton's reasons for writing Areopagitica, based on an address given by Profesr Haller at Columbia University on the 300th anniversary of the publication of this classic on freedom of the press.
-------. Liberty and Reformation in the Puritan Revolution. New York, Columbia University Press, 1955. 410p. H41
An account of English Puritanism based on the reading of the tracts, sermons, and other literature of the period. This scholarly work covers the pamphleteering in behalf of unlicensed printing that took place during the Puritan Revolution, with references to Milton's Areopagitica, and to the persecution of William Prynne, Henry Burton, Richard Overton, John Lilburne, and others of the Leveller party.
-------. "Two Early Allusions to Milton's Areopagitica." Huntington Library Quarterly, 12:207-12 (1949) H42
-------, ed. Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution, 1638-1647. New York, Columbia University Press, 1934. 3 vols. (Records of Civilization; Sources and Studies, no. 18) H43
A critical survey of the Puritan Revolution literature, works that are important as revealing the beginning of democracy and freedom of the press. The commentary appears in volume 2; the facsimile text of 19 tracts, relating to the doctrine of liberty, are reproduced in volumes 2 and 3. These include tracts of John Lilburne, William Walwyn, and Richard Overton, all persecuted for their writings.
-------, and Godfrey Davies, eds. The Leveller Tracts, 1647-1653. New York, Columbia University Press in Cooperation with Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, 1944. 481p. H44
The reprinted tracts, with extensive introductory notes giving bibliographical data as well as background information on the occasion for their original publication. Sixteen tracts are reproduced including, A Declaration or, Representation; A Declaration of some Proceedings; The Bloody Project, The Humble Petition; England's New Chains Discovered; A Manifestation; An Agreement of the Free People of England; Walwyn's Just Defence; The Legall Fundementall Liberties of the People of England (excerpts); and The Just Defence of John Lilburn.
Hallgren, Mauritz A. Landscape of Freedom; the Story of American Liberty and Bigotry. New York, Howell, Soskin, 1941. 444p. H45
A popular history of efforts to suppress liberty in America, from the Zenger trial and religious persecution in colonial days to attacks on sex expression in literature during the 1920's and 30's. There are references to the Bache sedition trial and others under the Alien and Sedition Acts, the suppression of anarchist thought and atheism, birth control, the Comstock laws, and recent cenrship of movies and stage plays.
Halliday, E. M. "Man Who Cleaned up Shakespeare." Horizon 5(1):68-71, September 1962. H46
"While Dr. Bowdler is long dead, his spirit of expurgating the Bard lives on in our schools--though at the corner drugstore pupils can get the real thing, and Henry Miller too."
Halligan, John T. "An Attempt at Censorship." Library Journal, 88:4002-3, 15 October 1963. H47
How one high school (Carlsbad, Calif.) faced up to a campaign against The Dictionary of American Slang. The matter reached the State Board of Education, which, in opposition to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, voted unanimously to return the "stolen" book to the library shelves.
Hallis, Frederick. The Law and Obscenity. London, Harmsworth, 1932. 40p. H48
A brief survey of English laws and court decisions on obscene literature. The author argues that the law of obscene libel is bad jurisprudence.
Halpenny, Marie. "Books on Trial in Texas." Library Journal, 78:1179-82, July 1953. (Reprinted in Daniels, The Censorship of Books, pp. 98-101) H49 §
A report by the chairman of the San Antonio Committee to Fight Censorship. Concerns the attacks on the San Antonio Public Library for having "REaD READING," and a bill in the Texas legislature to censor textbooks.
Hamburg, Morris. "Case of the Subversive Text." School Executive, 77(8):59-61, April 1958. (No. 1 in a series of case studies) H50
This hypothetical case involves the charge by a parent that her sixth-grade daughter is being exposed to Communist propaganda through a social studies textbook.
Hamel, Frank. "English Books in the Indexes Librorum Prohibitorum et Expurgandorum." Library, 1 (3d ser.)351-83, October 1910. H51
A general survey of the "curious medley" of English books placed on one or more of the many Catholic indices, and the reasons and circumstance of the listing. Comparatively few English works appeared on the Index before mid-seventeenth century. Over the centuries the indices have included works of such writers as Hobbes, Thomas Browne, Robert Boyle, John Selden, Addison, Steele, Defoe, Richardson, Sterne, Swift, Locke, Newton, Hume, and Bentham. Strangely missing from lists are Darwin, Huxley, and Tyndall. Because of frequent inaccuracies Hamel cautions against reliance upon contemporary newspaper accounts of books placed on the Index.
[Hamilton, Alexander]. "Liberty of the Press." In The Federalist, no. 84 ("Why the Constitution Needs No Bill of Rights"). New York, 1788. Lodge edition, pp 537-38. (Also in Charles A. Beard, The Enduring Federalist, pp. 364-65) H52
In one of the last of the famous Federalist papers, Hamilton, writing under the pseudonym "Publius," argues that a bill of rights to the Constitution is unnecessary: "For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Why, for instance, should it be said that the liberty of the press shall not be restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions can be imposed?" The security of a free press, "whatever fine declarations may be inserted in any constitution respecting it, must altogether depend on public opinion, and on the general spirit of the people and of the government."
Hamilton, Archibald. Report of the Trial by Jury of the Action of Damages for a Libel in the Beacon Newspaper. Edinburgh, J. Robertson, 1822. 154p. H53
Hamilton, Clayton. "Movie, Censor and the Public." Literary Review, New York Evening Post, 30 December 1922. (Reprinted in Rutland, State Censorship of Motion Pictures, pp. 123-33) H54
Objections to Ellis P. Oberholtzer's proposals for film censorship.
Hamilton, Jack. "Hollywood Bypasses the Production Code." Look, 23:80-84, 29 September 1959. H55
Today there is a more liberal interpretation of the motion picture production code which governs treatment of morality. "Hollywood coexists with a code that is flexible while stubborn, logical while confusing."
Hamilton, John J. Plea for the Business Freedom of the American Press; an Address Delivered before the Congressional Postal Commission at New York, October 2, 1906; by John J. Hamilton of the Iowa Homestead. Speaking as Member of the Postal Commission of the National Agricultural Press League. Des Moines, Homestead Co. [1966]. 22p. H56
Hamilton, Robert C. "Censorship of Obscene Literature by Informal Governmental Action." University of Chicago Law Review, 22:216-33, Autumn 1954. H57
Hamman, Mary. "Do You Want Your Movies Censored?" Good Housekeeping, 110:13, 93, April 1940. H58
Hammargren, Russell J. "I'm Tired of the Word 'Censor.'" Quill, 28(1):5, 18 January 1937. H59
A journalism professor believes there is far too little censorship of campus publications.
Hammitt, Frances E. "The Burning of Books." Library Quarterly, 15:300-312, October 1945. H60
An account of the practice of book burning--its background, sponsorship, efforts at total eradication of books, and the effects.
Hammond, Arthur. "Obscenity in Montreal." Canadian Forum, 40:74-75, July 1960. H61
Police confiscation of Lady Chatterley's Lover.
Hampden, pseud. A Letter to the President of the United States, touching the Prosecutions, under his patronage, before the Circuit Court in the District of Connecticut . . . By Hampden. New Haven, Conn., Oliver Steele, 1808. 28p. H62
This anonymous Federalist writer takes President Jefferson to task for permitting Republican prosecutions in Connecticut which violate freedom of press and speech. He describes the libel proceedings taken against eleven Connecticut magistrates, clergymen, and printers who were critical in speech or publication of the Jefferson administration. Those indicted included Judge Tapping Reeve of the Connecticut Supreme Court, Thomas Collier, publisher of the Monitor, and Hudson and Goodwin, editors of the Federalist Connecticut Courant of Hartford. All except one of the indictments (Hudson and Goodwin) were defeated or voluntarily abandoned by the public prosecutor. The Hudson and Goodwin case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which handed down a decision (1812) that the federal courts did not have jurisdiction over the common law of seditious libel.
Hampton, Benjamin B. A History of the Movies. New York, Covici-Friede, 1931. 456p. plus plates. H63
Chapter 13 relates to the Hollywood scandals and censorship which gave rise to the film production code.
Hance, Myrtle G. A Report on Our San Antonio Public Libraries, Communist Front Authors and Their Books Therein. San Antonio, Tex., 1953. 15p. mimeo. (Quoted in Daniels, The Censorship of Books, pp. 96-97) H64
A San Antonio housewife checked the public library for books by Communist-front authors. She recommends all such books be stamped in red and that a citizens' committee keep the library board informed on pro-Communist books for future stamping.
Handover, P. M. Printing in London from 1476 to Modern Times. . . . London, Allen & Unwin, 1960. 224p. H65
Includes discussion of the Star Chamber decrees on printing, the licensing system, the struggle for power in the Stationers' Company, and the crusade against "taxes on knowledge."
Haney, Robert W. Comstockery in America; Patterns of Censorship and Control. Boston, Beacon, 1960. 199p. H66
A review of censorship and control of sex expression in the United States as it affects the printed word, the movies, radio, and television. The author cites important court cases and describes the efforts of unofficial pressure groups that operate today.
Hanighen, Frank C. "Propaganda on the Air; the International Problem of Radio Censorship." Current History, 44:45-51, June 1936. H67
Broadcasts from London, Rome, or Geneva may be pure propaganda instead of "authoritative news." The listener will have to be "alert in appraising the value and significance of the various broadcasts by identifying the stations and station announcements with the political color of the views they propagate."
Hankin, Edward. Letter to the Right Honorable the Earl of Liverpool--on the Licentiousness of the Press, as Destructive of the Monarchy and the Public Morals . . . London. Printed for White, Cochrane, 1814. 96p. H68
[Hansard, John]. "Action of Libel by John Joseph Hansard . . . Tried before Lord Denman, C.J., and a special jury at Westminster, on February 7, 1837." In Macdonell, Reports of State Trials, vol. 4, pp. 723-964. H69 §
In a series of legal actions extending over several years, the publisher Stockdale attempted unsuccessfully to bring fellow publisher Hansard to terms on a libel charge. The Hansard firm had printed, by order of the House of Commons, a Report of the Inspector of Prisons in which there was reference to some obscene books alleged to have been printed by Stockdale. The defense entered a plea of privilege, which the House of Commons supported to the extent of imprisoning the sheriff who attempted to collect the fine. In 1840 a law was passed protecting printers of official parliamentary reports.
-------. Judgment in Error in the Case of Stockdale v. Hansard, by the Court of Common Sense. London, Longman, Orme, Brown, 1840. 190p. H70
Hansen, Harry. "Dilemma of Modern Writing." Survey Graphic, 37:30-31, January 1948. H71
The dilemma is "how to preserve intellectual freedom and at the same time cultivate a sense of literary responsibility."
-------, et al. "The Censorship Forum." Publishers' Weekly, 117:2734-37, 31 May 1930. H72
With book critic Harry Hansen as chairman, four prominent persons debate censorship: Morris L. Ernst, lawyer ("I believe that the laws on the question of obscenity are an insult to the American population."); Mary Ware Dennett, whose sex education pamphlet was suppressed; John S. Sumner, secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, who denies that police action against obscenity is censorship; and H. V. Kaltenborn, radio analyst, who accuses the vice societies of failure to distinguish between "dominant pornography and incidental realism" in their effort to control public taste. Photograph of Mrs. Dennett on p. 2735
Hansen, Victor R. "Broadcasting and the Antitrust Laws." Law and Contemporary Problems, 22:572-83, Autumn 1957. H73
Hanser, Richard. "Shakespeare, Sex . . . and Dr. Bowdler." Saturday Review, 38:(17)7-8, 23 April 1955. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 15-18) H74
An account of the work of the English editor Thomas Bowdler, who took it upon himself to prepare expurgated versions of Shakespeare, omitting those words and expressions that were "unfit to be read aloud by a gentleman in the company of ladies" and to suppress anything that could "raise a blush on the cheek of modest innocence." Bowdler's name became a byword for prudish expurgation of literary works.
Hanson, Elisha. "American Newspaper Publishers' Association." Public Opinion Quarterly, 2:121-26, January 1938. H75
The counsel for the ANPA defends the Association against charges made by Virginius Dabney, editor of the Richmond Times Dispatch. Dabney said (April 1937 issue of POQ) that publishers indulge in self-laudation, use "freedom of the press" as a shibboleth to press selfish interests, and band together to oppose progressive legislation which might affect their profit. Hanson, in answer to the second charge, recited a long list of cases in which ANPA defended freedom of the press.
-------. "Freedom of the Press and Judicial Contempt." In Lectures in Communications Media, Legal and Policy Problems, Delivered at University of Michigan Law School, June 16-June 18, 1954. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Law School, 1954, pp. 63-78. H76
A history of the use of the contempt power of the courts to restrict public information.
-------. "Freedom of the Press, Is It Threatened in the United Nations." American Bar Association Journal, 37:417-20, June 1951. H77
Opposition to the United Nations Freedom of Information Convention as controverting the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution.
-------. "The Guaranty of a Free Press." Vital Speeches, 6:433-35, 1 May 1940. H78
The general counsel of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association discusses the relationship of the constitutional guaranty of a free press to the interests of the advertiser and the consumer in the United States. Address before the Advertising Club of New York.
-------. "Liberty's Debt to the Press." Vital Speeches, 4:752-56, 1 October 1938. H79
The author contrasts the American theory of press freedom, "the great bulwark of all liberty," with that of the authoritarian theory as exemplified in Nazi Germany. He is critical not only of German controls but of efforts by the Roosevelt administration to control the press through various economic recovery and labor laws. He calls on the nation's press to maintain its vigilance.
-------. "Life, Liberty and Property." Vital Speeches, 4:254-56, 1 February 1938. H80
The author calls for Americans to take heed of the loss of press freedom in European dictatorships and "to battle those in authority who attempt to restrain it in the exercise of its functions of gathering and disseminating information." He criticizes the propaganda barrage of government agencies and their restrictions on free access to officials and records.
-------. "The Supreme Court on Freedom of the Press and Contempt by Publication." Cornell Law Quarterly, 27:165-89, February 1942. H81
"The majority opinion gives unstinted support to a free press as a right of the people throughout the land."
-------. "The Two Bulwarks of Liberty. A Free Press and an Independent Judiciary." American Bar Association Journal, 41:217-20+, March 1955. H82
In an address at the University of Michigan Law School, Hanson cites many cases where publicity by newspapers was virtually the only means of securing justice. Those who would seek to censor the press in the performance of its function of "reporting on judicial proceedings have seized upon the epithet 'trial by newspaper' as the shibboleth in their campaign."
Hanson, Laurence. Government and the Press, 1695-1763. London, Oxford University Press, 1936. 149p. H83
An account of the relationship between the government and the press in England, from the expiration of the Licensing Act (1695) to the publication of no. 45 of North Briton by John Wilkes (1763). Largely limited to regulation of the newspaper press and to matters of politics, excluding prosecutions for obscenity and blasphemy. There are numerous references to trials for seditious libel.
Hapgood, Hutchins. A Cold Enthusiast. Hillacre, Riverside, Conn., Privately printed, 1913. 10p. H84
An appreciation of Theodore A. Schroeder, secretary of the Free Speech League and lifelong crusader for freedom of expression in the realm of sex.
-------. "Fire and Revolution." New York, Free Speech League, 1912. 16p. H85
The author argues for the expediency of permitting most violent opinions.
Hapgood, Norman. "How Fighting Governments Suppress Opinion." Harper's Weekly, 61:76-78, 24 July 1915. H86
How the countries of Europe dealt with the organization of opinion stemming from events leading to World War I. In Germany the government controlled opinion; England, among all the powers at war, permitted the greatest freedom. "If we [Americans] go to war, infinite tact will be required, but nevertheless a firm censorship will also be required. The advantages of free speech must not be forgotten, but neither must newspaper owners conduct the war."
Hard, William. "Mr. Burleson, Espionagent." New Republic, 19:42-45, 10 May 1919; 19:76-78, 17 May 1919. H87
A critical account of the Postmaster General's actions in banning books and newspapers from the mails during the period immediately following World War I.
-------. "Perhaps the Turning of the Tide." New Republic, 21:313-16, 11 February 1920. H88
Opposition to a sedition bill before a Congressional committee.
[Hardy, Thomas]. The Genuine Trial of Thomas Hardy, for High Treason, at the Sessions House in the old Bailey, from October 8 to November 5, 1794 . . . By Manoak Sibly, shorthand writer to the City of London. 2d ed. London, Printed for J. S. Jordan, 1795. 2 vols. H89
-------. Memoir of Thomas Hardy, Founder of, and Secretary to the London Corresponding Society . . . for Promoting Parliamentary Reform, 1742, until his Arrest on a False Charge of High Treason, 12 May 1794. Written by Himself: London, 1832. 127p. H90
[-------]. State Trials for High Treason. Containing the Trial of Thomas Hardy to Which is Prefixed Lord Chief Justice Eyre's Charge to the Grand Jury . . . Taken in Short-Hand by a Student in the Temple. Edinburgh, J. Robertson, 1794. 268 p. (Also in Howell, State Trials, vol. 24, pp. 199 ff) H91
[------]. The Trial of Thomas Hardy for High Treason, at the Session House in the Old Bailey, on Tuesday the Twenty-eighth . . . [to] Friday the Thirty-first of October; and on Saturday the First . . . [to] Wednesday the Fifth of November, 1794 . . . Taken in Short-hand by Joseph Gurney. London, Sold by Martha Gurney, 1794-95. 4 vols. (Also in The Speeches of the Hon. Thomas Erskine vol. 3, pp. 53-503) H92
Hardy, the secretary of the London Corresponding Society, was charged with high treason for circulating pro-Jacobin propaganda in England. Among the offending publications was Hardy's The Patriot, which included discussions of the writings of Thomas Paine. Hardy was arrested along with eight others, including the eminent John Horne Tooke whom the Pitt government especially wished to silence. Thomas Erskine defended Hardy, arguing that reform rather than revolution was the aim of Hardy and the Society. Defense witnesses included Richard B. Sheridan and Philip Francis, the latter the reputed author of the Junius letters. Shocked by the barbarous sentences at the recent Scottish treason trials and aroused by strong public sentiment in behalf of the defendents, the jury brought a verdict of not guilty. Tooke and John Thelwall, in trials that followed, were likewise acquitted; the charges against the others were dropped.
Hargreaves, William. Is the Anonymous System a Security for the Purity and Independence of the Press? A Question for the Times Newspaper. London, William Ridgway, 1864. 32p. ("Revelations from Printing House Square") H93
The author condemns the practice in England as exemplified by The Times, of concealing the name of the writer in order to preserve his independence and integrity. The reader has a right to know whose opinions he is reading. It is an aspersion on the writer and the public to suggest that anonymity protects the writer from the duelist's pistol or from the "corruptions of the Government." The anonymous system of journalism is a threat to the freedom of the press.
Harlan, William K. "Book-Burning Birchers." California Crossroads, 5:13-15, October 1963. H94
An account of the vigorous but unsuccessful efforts of a citizens committee led by a John Birch Society organizer, to ban the Dictionary of American Slang from the Tulare County, Calif., library. The author is an English teacher at the College of the Sequoias.
Harley, J. H. "Ourselves and Our Censors." Polish Review, 2:109-15, June 1918. H95
The article concerns the detention of the Polish Review by the British Army Council during World War I. The action was taken without warning and for no stated reason except: "Instructions have been given to detain all copies of the Polish Review found in course of transmission from the United Kingdom." The editor believes that mention of possible Bolshevik activities in Poland may have prompted the ban. The banned issue contained a letter to the editor from President Wilson.
Harley, John E. "Some Case Studies of Official National Censorship of Motion Pictures." World Affairs Interpreter, 21:428-33, January 1951. H96
New Zealand film censorship.
-------. The Worldwide Influences of the Cinema; a Study of Official Censorship and the International Cultural Aspects of Motion Pictures. Los Angeles, University of Southern California Press, 1940. 320p. (Cinematography series no. 2) H97
The work cites examples of censorship around the world, including the operation of the British Board of Film Censors.
Harlin, Melvin N. An Examination of the Freedom of the Press Concept. Lawrence, Kan., University of Kansas, 1937. 69p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) H98
Harlow, Alvin F. "Martyr for a Free Press." American Heritage, 6(6):42-47 October 1955. H99 §
An account of the printer Matthew Lyon, 1750-1822, who was tried and imprisoned under the Sedition Act in 1798.
Harman, Moses. The Kansas Fight for Free Press. The Four Indicted Articles. Valley Falls, Kan., Lucifer Publishing Co., 1889. 11p. H100
Relates to the indictment of Moses Harman for disseminating "obscene" literature through the mails. This consisted of four articles contained in issues of Harman's Lucifer, the Light Bearer, a newspaper which advocated sexual emancipation of women. Harman was found guilty on this and subsequent charges and for the next ten years he either served in jail or was under bond.
[-------]. The Persecution and Appreciation. Brief Account of the Trials and Imprisonment of Moses Harman Because of His Advocacy of Freedom of Women from Sexual Enslavement and the Right of Children to be Born Well. Together With an Account of the Public Reception Given to Him on His Release from Prison. [Chicago, Lucifer Publishing Co., 1907.]. 58p. H101
The editor of Lucifer, the Light Bearer, a journal devoted to freedom of the press in matters of sex education and the sexual emancipation of women, was imprisoned for ten months under the Comstock laws for circulating "obscene" literature through the mail. This pamphlet records the celebration on New Year's day, 1907, given to Mr. Harman on his release from prison. Included are addresses by the Rev. William H. MacPherson, Methodist minister; Parker H. Sercombe, editor; Lucinda B. Chandler, crusader for social hygiene; and Gertrude Breslau Hunt. Mr. Harman's own account of his crusade is given in an article entitled, Lucifer and the Obscenity Laws.
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