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G., N. "Newspapers in Contempt of Court." Solicitors' Journal, 104:135-36, 19 February 1960. G1
Relates to the Scottish Daily Mail case.
Gabriel, Gilbert W. "Behind the Asbestos Curtain." Nation, 174:625-28, 28 June 1952. G2
The article is concerned with effects of antisubversive hysteria on the theater, and on actors, authors, and producers of plays. The author has served for several years as chairman of the Anti-Censorship Committee of the Authors League of America.
Gadgil, Gangadhar. "Report on the Seminar on 'Obscenity in Literature.'" Quest, 26:84-85, July-September 1960. G3
The seminar was organized under the joint auspices of the I.C.C.F. and the P.E.N. Participants included Smt. Bhagwat, A. R. Wadia, C. C. Shah, Jyotindra Dave, and Madhao Achwal, whose paper is published on pages 19-25 of this issue.
Gaines, Ervin J. "Birchers Denied Access to Brockton Library." Bay State Librarian, 53:11-12, April 1953. G4
-------. "CDL on the Local Scene." ALA Bulletin, 59:17-18, January 1965. G5 §
Criticism of the "newly enlarged influence of the Citizens for Decent Literature, which seems to have established a kind of canned doctrine for use in local brouhahas over 'dirty books."'
-------. "Chicago--New Censorship Capital." ALA Bulletin, 58:983-84, December 1964. G6 §
A report on recent efforts at censorship of books and magazines in Chicago with evidence that the "current agony" has official sanction and that back of it is the effort of Citizens for Decent Literature and the National Office for Decent Literature. Includes comments by Joseph Faulkner, head of the Chicago Booksellers' committee.
-------. "Church, State, and Freedom to Read." ALA Bulletin, 59:785-85 October 1965. G7 §
A discussion of charges of censorship against the librarian of the Belleville, Ill., Public Library for rejecting the periodical Church and State, which he stated was disqualified under the Library Bill of Rights because it was not "sound factual authority."
-------. "The Dangers of Censorship." ALA Bulletin, 58:595-96, July-August 1964. G8 §
An answer to the charge of Father Leo F. Petit (p. 590 of the issue) that Gaines, in his column, "brings an absolutist, dogmatic mentality" to the issue of freedom to publish and freedom to read, which is a simple solution but hardly realistic.
-------. "Freedom to Read in New Hampshire." ALA Bulletin, 57:1009-10, December 1963. G9 §
A recent survey of holdings of New Hampshire libraries indicates many libraries have not purchased titles of such representative modern authors as Mailer, Baldwin, Steinbeck, and Faulkner. The avoidance of many "controversial" novels may be attributed to economic handicaps of small libraries, a conservative intellectual climate, and antiquated obscenity laws.
-------. "Legal Defenses for Public Librarians." ALA Bulletin, 59:343-44, May 1965. G10 §
-------. "The Passionate Pursuit of Pornography." ALA Bulletin, 59:99-100, February 1965. G11 §
"The passionate pursuit of pornography keeps opening up in new cities, resembling very much the annual hunting season which features men shooting anything that moves--sometimes even their friends."
-------. "The Purpose of Censorship." ALA Bulletin, 58:87-89, February 1964. G12 §
The author explores the diametrically opposed positions on censorship held by Father Terrence J. Murphy (Censorship: Government and Obscenity) and Alec Craig (Suppressed Books). The former holds the classic position in favor of censorship, the latter, a libertarian point of view. Gaines refers to an unresolved thought falling between the two positions, "the imposition of unsolicited materials through flagrant display . . . dubious use of the mails," citing André Gide and Joyce Cary's comments on such invasion of privacy.
-------. "Silence, Too, Is a Form of Censorship." ALA Bulletin, 58:17-18, January 1964. G13 §
Censorship is seen as a means of preserving the status quo by choking off threatening information at the source. The blackout of news represents a conspiracy of silence no less dangerous than suppressing a work after it has been published.
-------. "Stubborn Resistance Is Not Enough." ALA Bulletin, 57:817-18, October 1963. G14 §
Sheer stubborn resistance to the incursion of censorship, necessary as it is, does not suffice. The library profession should shift the debate to higher ground; should support research to establish the effects of literature on human behavior.
-------. "A Substitution and a Suggestion. ALA Bulletin, 57:711-12, September 1963. G15 §
The author explores the problem of the librarian and obscenity laws in light of recent court decisions, concluding that despite a more enlightened approach (e.g. Massachusetts recent rulings) "librarians are not free and clear of the danger of arrest, and that it would be wise to find out where they do stand."
-------. "Summer Storms in Minnesota." ALA Bulletin, 59: 693-94, September 1965. G16 §
Recent pressures for and against censorship in Minnesota.
-------. "Sunshine on the Vigilant." ALA Bulletin, 58:675-76, September 1964. G17 §
The bright sunshine of freedom of the press is seen in the trend toward greater freedom in decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court. Contrasting shadows are seen in the favorable action on a bill in the House of Representatives giving postal authorities powers to interfere with mailing privileges of "immoral" publications. The author criticizes librarians for not taking a more vigorous part in opposing such legislation at local and state levels.
-------. "Time for a Defense Fund." ALA Bulletin, 58:345-47, May 1964. G18 §
Recommendation that a fund be established to help librarians who are faced with a fight for the freedom to read.
-------. "Words and Deeds Are Not Identical." ALA Bulletin, 59:605-6, July-August 1965. G19 §
The U.S. Supreme Court decision to overthrow the Connecticut birth control law has free speech implications. "The significance of laws which attempt to suppress an activity or a behavior pattern by recourse to censorship of information about that activity ought to be the constant concern of librarians."
Gallichan, Walter M. The Poison of Prudery; an Historical Survey. Boston, Stratford, 1929. 235p. G20
In his chapter on Pornography and Prudery the author describes the common mental attitude toward our amative nature as "an unwholesome mixture of Lewdness, Shame, and Prudery," which he believes encourages pornography, "an intellectual and moral poison which spreads like cancer and suicide, with the march of civilization." The disease is not cured by censorship; this only heightens the demand. "Wholesome inquiry is the true remedy for prurience and mere lasciviousness. To educate the mind is to refine it." In the chapter on The Banning of Books he notes that, in attempting to suppress the obscene, the vice societies have often taken action against legitimate studies of sex ethics and sex psychology, the very works which will help to reduce false shame and prudery.
Gallup, Donald. "Some Notes on Ezra Pound and Censorship." Yale Literary Magazine, 126(5):37-41, December 1958. G21
"At various times in his career, Ezra Pound has run afoul of the censor, particularly in England, where public sensitivity in matters of indecorum and, especially libel, has been refined to a somewhat greater degree than in the United States." The article deals largely with suppression and censorship of Pound's work by his publishers and printers.
Gallup, George. "Set Owners Found against Censorship." Broadcasting, 14(4):40, 15 February 1938. G22
The Gallup poll found that 59 per cent of set owners believe government censorship of programs is harmful; 41 per cent believe it would do good. Only 14 per cent said they had heard a program in the past year that they considered vulgar.
Galphin, Bruce, ed. "The News Management Issue As Washington Sees It." Nieman Reports, [17?](1):3-15, March 1963. G23
Opinions on news management expressed by Washington correspondents Alan Barth, Douglas Cater, Richard Dudman, Julius Duscha, Robert H. Fleming, Richard L. Harwood, David J. Kraslow, John J. Lindsay, Murrey Marder, John L. Steele, Robert C. Toth, and Donald L. Zylstra.
[Galsworthy, John]. A Justification of the Censorship of Plays, together with a Demand for the Extension of the Principle of that Office to Other Branches of the Public Service. London, Heinemann, 1909. 32p. (The essay also appears under the title, "About Censorship" in Galsworthy, The Inn of Tranquility; Studies and Essays. New York, Scribner's, 1913, pp. 236-53, and is reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 265-70) G24
A satirical essay directed against British censorship of plays by the Lord Chamberlain. Galsworthy, with tongue-in-cheek, suggests that such a beneficial institution should be extended to literature in general and to the realms of art, science, religion, and politics.
Galt, Thomas F. Peter Zenger, Fighter for Freedom. New York, Crowell, 1951. 242p. G25
Fictionized biography of the New York editor and his trial for seditious libel in 1735.
Gannett, Frank E., and T. Swann Harding. "Freedom of Speech--Should It Be Curbed?" Rotarian, 18-19+, June 1939. G26
A debate between Frank E. Gannett, publisher, and T. Swann Harding, publicist. Gannett believes that the individual should be his own censor, held accountable in court under the libel laws, but that there should be no prior restraint. Harding believes that anything antisocial should be suppressed. "What we really want when we discuss censorship, is not its complete abolition, but its control in line with the most scientifically informed intelligence of the time."
Gannon, Patrick J. "Art, Morality and Censorship." Studies (Ireland) 31:409-19, December 1942. G27
Art owes its origin to religion, but has too frequently turned on its foster mother. Art, no less than religion, should mirror the essential, the ideal, and the eternal, but not moral ugliness. Pathological subject matter as seen in modern plays, novels, and films is not a legitimate subject for art, even though it may be true to life. Popularity of such works is due to man's morbid curiosity about sex since the Fall. The literati trade on this weakness. Immorality in publications is one of the major causes of "the rake's progress." Legislative action, regrettably, is necessary to control books, films, and plays. Father Gannon quotes an Irish censor as saying of American films: "Ireland is not so much in danger of Anglicisation as Los Angelesisation." He defends the Irish Free State censorship policies against such critics as G. B. Shaw and Sir John Keane, "the mouthpiece of the literati" in the Irish Senate. Even Milton comes in for criticism for his Areopagitica, the work of an apologist for divorce. The censors have "the common people of Ireland on their side, and it is in the interest of the common people of Ireland that they exercise the unpleasant and unrequited functions of censorship."
-------. "Literature and Censorship." Irish Monthly, 65:434-47, 1937. G28
A defense of Irish censorship which, the author maintains, is intended to operate only against pornography. "The censorship set up by law in The Free State is very restricted in scope and reasonable in its purpose, though, like every piece of legislation, it calls for prudence in its application." If this is Puritanism, "then call the Church Puritan."
Gannon, R. D. "Censorship and High School Libraries." Wilson Library Bulletin, 35:46-47, September 1960. G29
Ganzel, Dewey. "Patent Wrongs and Patent Theatres: Drama and the Law in the Early Nineteenth Century." PMLA, 76:384-96, September 1961. G30
Edward Bulwer (later Bulwer-Lytton) sponsored legal reform of the British theater in the 1830's, initiated by the Select Committee on Dramatic Literature of which he was chairman. Dramatists were given copyright protection and the monopoly was broken. Despite continuing dramatic censorship, which the author describes, the theater managed to flourish.
Gaquin, Thomas E. "The Law Is Not Enough." Bay State Librarian, 53(2):8, 12-15, April 1963. G31 §
The author, a Boston businessman, is concerned with the vicious influence on young people of the onrushing tide of obscene books and magazines. Legal efforts in all 50 states have met with failure because of the "shrinking definition of what is considered obscene in the eyes of the courts." He describes the decent literature campaign of the Holy Name Society, "an extra-legal method to complement what the law is attempting to do." He denies that these efforts are an interference with freedom under the First Amendment, but rather a limitation on license. The campaign is in accordance with the Roth decision of the U.S. Supreme Court which indicated that contemporary community standards shall determine the acceptability of printed matter. The parish, in this instance, is the community.
Gardiner, Harold C. Catholic Viewpoint on Censorship. Garden City, N.Y., Hanover House, 1958. 192p. (The Catholic Viewpoint Series) G32
A Jesuit priest, literary editor of America, presents the Catholic position on censorship, both in its theory and practical application. He examines the two main Catholic groups involved in the censorship controversy, the National Legion of Decency (movies) and the National Office for Decent Literature, and considers the charges leveled against them by the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Book Publishers Council. "This is an admirable book particularly for anti-Catholic bigots," writes Morris Ernst in the Saturday Review of Literature for 19 April 1958, "and for men of goodwill it is an invitation to sober thought even in that area of the problem not dealt with--literature about birth control, family planning, and the race between population and food."
-------. "The Imprimatur." Library Journal, 88:60-62, 1 January 1963. G33
A discussion of the purposes and mechanics of prepublication censorship by the Catholic Church.
-------. In All Conscience; Reflections on Books and Culture. New York, Hanover House, 1959. 288 p. G34
Chapter 3, Censorship, Movies, TV, reprints selections of Father Gardiner's articles appearing in the magazine America.
-------. "Moral Principles towards a Definition of the Obscene." Law and Contemporary Problems, 20:560-71, Autumn 1955. G35 §
Canon Law of the Catholic Church forbids the reading of obscene works, but does not define obscenity. In the interpretation of Canon Law the emphasis has been "on the tendency of the book, of the work of art, to exude some sort of allure that panders to the passions of sex." Obscenity "has a restricted meaning, which the whole tone and practice of moral theology and Canon Law refrains from extending to works, which, however much to be discouraged on other grounds, cannot be called objectively obscene." Whether a work "falls within that carefully staked-out definition is a matter of prudential judgment . . . In the dearth of such certainty, the probability that the work falls within the definition is enough to have the force of law."
-------. "One Way to Tackle Obscenity." America, 106:849, 31 March 1962. Comment by Rodman C. Herman. 107:91+, 28 April 1962. G36
The author suggests control of the distribution of obscenity, such as making it illegal to sell "girlie" magazines or paperbacks that exploit sex to persons under 18. The comment is a letter from the president of the Catholic Lawyers Guild, Essex County, N.J., referring to the Guild's efforts to control "tie-in" sales, giving storekeepers the right to accept only those publications they want.
-------. Tenets for Readers and Reviewers. Washington, D.C., America Press, 1944. 24p. G37
The literary editor of America states principles for judging "the soundness and decency of moral values of a work of literature." The reviewer should consider the merit of the book apart from the author; he should consider the effect of the whole book; sin, if portrayed, should be recognized for what it is and should never be described "as to become a temptation to a normally discriminating reader."
-------, et al. "The Index of Forbidden Books: A Symposium." Critic, 20:54-59, April-May 1962. G38
Gardiner, Samuel R., ed. Documents Relating to the Proceedings against William Prynne, in 1634 and 1637. With a Biographical Fragment by the Late John Bruce. Westminster, Eng., Printed for the Camden Society, 1877. 121p. (Camden Society Publications, n.s. 18) G39
-------. Speech of Sir Robert Heath, Attorney-General, in the Case of Alexander Leighton, in the Star Chamber, June 4, 1630. Edited with a Preface by the late John Bruce . . . By Samuel Rawson Gardiner. . . . London, Printed for the Camden Society, 1875. 22p. plus 10p. (Camden Miscellany, vol. 7, no. 2; part of the Society's Publications, new series 14) G40
Dr. Leighton was brought to trial, convicted, imprisoned, and tortured for a "most scandalous, libellous, and seditious book," entitled An Appeale to the Parliament or Sion's Plea against the Prelacye.
Gardner, Mary A. Inter American Press Association. Its Fight for Freedom of the Press, 1926-1960. Austin, Tex., Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by University of Texas Press, [1967]. 217p. (Latin American Monographs, no. 6) G41
A nonprofit voluntary membership association of more than 550 Western Hemisphere publications and individuals pledged, among other things, to guard freedom of the press. The organization grew out of the first Pan American Congress of Journalists, held in Washington, D.C. in 1926. Since 1950 it has alternated annual meetings between the United States and Latin America. The Association took an active role in the battle in behalf of the suppressed La Prensa. The freedom of the press, the author notes, is a cause to which members rally, without respect to national barriers.
Garfield, James A. "Necessity of the Freedom Of the Press." In Works of James A. Garfield, Boston, Osgood, 1882-83, vol. 2, pp. 575-85. (Reprinted in Beman, Censorship of Speech and the Press, pp. 329-35) G42
Address delivered before the Ohio Editorial Association, Cleveland, 11 July 1878.
Garnett, Edward. The Breaking Point, a Censured Play. With Preface and a Letter to the Censor. London, Duckworth, 1907. 116p. G43
The Breaking Point was rejected by the British stage censor because it dealt with the problems of an unmarried mother. In the preface to this edition Garnett defends the play and lambasts the censor and the British censorship system that permits "flashy lewdness" while rejecting the serious drama of Ibsen, Maeterlinck, and Brieux. In an appendix he suggests the formation of a Society for the Defence of Intellectual Drama. The letter to the censor, George Alexander Redford, although signed by Garnett, was actually written by William Archer.
-------. "The Censorship Of Public Opinion." Fortnightly Review, 86 (n.s.):137-48, July 1909. G44
A paper read before the Playgoers' Club. "The main issue is that no official or bodies of officials shall dictate the dramatist what he ought to say or how he shall say it, but that public opinion shall do its own censuring." Using examples from censored plays, he shows why he believes that censorship of plays is contrary both to the interests of the stage and the public.
Garrett, George P. "Free Speech and the Espionage Act." Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 10:71-75, May 1919. G45
The author examines the Espionage Act in terms of the Constitutional guarantee of the freedom of speech.
-------. "Free Trade in Ideas." Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 11:181-90, August 1920. G46
A comparison of present-day (1920) radical critics of the government with those of the period of the Sedition Act of 1798. The author defends free exchange of ideas and full discussion and criticism directed to governmental affairs.
Garrett, Jo L. The Leveller Movement and the Liberal Theory of the Press. Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois, 1959. 92p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) G47
Garrison, William L. A Brief Sketch of the Trial of William Lloyd Garrison, for an Alleged Libel on Francis Todd, of Newburyport, Mass. Boston, Printed by Garrison and Knapp, 1834. 24p. (Bailey Pamphlets, vol. 39, no. 7) G48
Garrison was tried for publishing an article charging Todd, a shipowner, with engaging in the slave trade.
-------. "'The Rights of God'--Free Discussion--Freedom of the Press." Liberator, 16:18, 30 January 1846. G49
Garrison defends the policy of his abolitionist paper in allowing free expression of unorthodox ideas, including ideas of which he, himself, disapproves. "The fact, that men are more or less ignorant--that they misapprehend the truth, and conflict in their views of it--demonstrates the absolute need of freedom of conscience and speech . . . as also the absurdity and cruelty of putting reason under ban, or of affixing pains and penalties to heretical opinion."
Garwood, W. St. John. "Free Speech and the Public Library." Library Journal, 77:1128-33, July 1952. G50
A plea for freedom of ideas by an associate justice of the Texas Supreme Court.
Gary, Hampson. "Regulation of Radio in the U.S." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 77:15-21, January 1935. G51
The chairman of the Broadcast Division of the Federal Communications Commission traces the development of regulation of broadcasting in the United States from the earliest days through the passage of the Communications Act of 1934.
Gascoigne, Bamber. "Protection Racket." Spectator, 206:214, 17 February 1961. G52
Publication of a letter from the Office of the Lord Chamberlain to the Garrick Theatre requiring explicit deletions in the scenes and dialogue of Fings Ain't Wot They Used T' Be. The letter and the whole function of dramatic censorship are ludicrous, the author charges. "To prove this, try and write that letter to the Garrick without making it seem ridiculous."
"Gathings Committee Reports on 'Pornographic' Books." Publishers' Weekly, 163:125-27, 10 January 1953. G53
A summary of the final reports of the House of Representatives Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials, which followed a lengthy study of publications, largely paperbacks, and hearings at which various proponents and opponents of censorship appeared. While opposing censorship, the report recommended powers be given to the Postmaster General to impound mail, pending court action, addressed to anyone selling "obscene" matter by mail and exempting the Post Office Department from holding hearings prior to impounding such mail. The report also calls for action by the publishing industry against "borderline" publications. A minority report takes "vigorous exception to the general approach to the complex nature of the subject under investigation," indicating that the committee has not recognized the distinction between what is patently obscene and what is free thought and creative expression. The minority report charges that "highly arbitrary and unfair" accusations are made against the paperback book industry which is "deserving of better treatment than wholesale condemnation."
Gatley, Clement C. Libel and Slander in a Civil Action, with Precedents and Pleadings. 5th ed. Edited by Richard O'Sullivan and Roland G. Brown. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1964. 820p. G54
Gatzka, Charles A. Detroit Newspaper Strike. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1965. 4p. (Publication no. 143) G55 §
The author examines the events leading up to the 134-day strike of two Detroit newspapers, the effect on the newspapers' employees and advertising, and the efforts that were made to bridge the news gap.
Gavin, Clark. Foul, False and Infamous; Famous Libel and Slander Cases of History. New York, Abelard, 1950. 237p. (Published in paperback under the title, Famous Libel and Slander Cases of History, by Crowell-Collier, New York, 1962. I88p.) G56
Contents: For Socrates, the Hemlock Cup . . .; John Peter Zenger's America; A Friend of Mr. Jefferson's (Thomas Cooper); For Where There Are Irish . . . (Sir William Wilde); . . . But Is It Art? (James McNeill Whistler); Heritage of the Wager (Sir William Gordon-Cumming); and There's One Born Every Minute (Collier's v. Grape Nuts and Postum).
Gayler, J. L. "Librarian and the Law of Defamation." Library World, 39:273-78, November 1950. G57
Is the librarian who allows a book containing a defamatory statement to go into circulation liable to the person to whom that defamation statement relates? If the librarian is so liable are there any special rules in English law which may mitigate that liability?
Gaynor, William J. "Libel in England and America." Century Magazine, 82:824-31, October 1911. G58
The mayor of New York believes that "freedom of speech and of the press means freedom to speak and write the truth, not falsehood or abuse." He draws a comparison of the libel laws and definition of libel between the United States and England, showing the differences in interpretation and judgments by the courts.
Gedye, G. E. R. "What a Book Famine Means." Publishers' Weekly, 135:1754-55, 13 May 1939. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 408-10) G59 §
A London newspaper correspondent describes what happened to the bookstores of Europe when the Nazis and Fascists came into power.
[Gee, Edward]. Letter to the Superiors (whether Bishops or Priests), which Approve or License the Popish Books in England, Particularly to those of the Jesuit Order, Concerning Lewis Sabran, a Jesuit. London, W. Rogers, 1688. 14p. G60
Geere, Frank. "The Press in Time of War." Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States, 56:9-23, January 1915. G61
The author recommends that a press "censorate" be organized prior to the beginning of hostilities, to avoid the unnecessary confusion of wartime.
Geis, Gilbert. "Basic Issue in Canon 35 Is Right of Defendant to Impartial Trial." Quill, 45(5):9-10, 20, May 1957. G62
A survey of lawyers, judges, and criminologists, reveals deep-seated suspicion of motives of newspapers in insisting on camera coverage of trials.
-------. "Preliminary Hearings and the Press." UCLA Law Review, 8:397-414, 1960-61. G63
"This article considers the conflict between the policies of a fair trial and a free press as encountered in preliminary hearings in England and the United States . . . The author concludes that the Parliamentary Committee recommendations (resulting from the 1957 trial of Dr. Adams) strikes the best balance yet found between the policies in question."
Gellhorn, Walter. "Restraints on Book Reading." In his Individual Freedom and Governmental Restraints. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1956, pp. 49-104. (Edward Douglass White Lectures on Citizenship; reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 20-41) G64
A presentation of the basic concepts underlying censorship and opposition to censorship, developed as an outgrowth of discussions by a three-man study group, appointed by the National Book Committee to inquire into the theory of censorship (Richard McKeon, Robert K. Merton, and Walter Gellhorn). "The advocates of censorship," writes Gellhorn, "regard it as a means by which to prevent debasement of the individual values, the cultural standards, and the common security of democracy. Its opponents regard it, by contrast, as a danger to the freedom which fosters these virtues and standards, and without which democracy cannot survive." Gellhorn examines the present-day concern with obscenity and the difficulties of definition. He explores the controversy over the impact of reading on conduct, questioning whether there is enough evidence to support the charges of Dr. Frederick Wertham and others. Gellhorn surveys the mechanics of restraint--the censorship board (stage plays and movies), the volunteer organization (NODL), and police action (Detroit). He points out that the government as a consumer offers a potential source of censorship since about half the hard cover books in America are sold to libraries, to the armed forces, or as textbooks to schools. He discusses the efforts of the Post Office Department and Customs Bureau to exclude foreign propaganda and to regulate the distribution of matter considered seditious or obscene. Artificial stifling of criticism, he believes, is more dangerous to democracy than the free reign of un-American doctrine. He concludes with an appeal to go back to the common-sense or common-law approach to offensive ideas: that "no person should be deemed free to obtrude upon another an unwilling exposure to offensiveness." Individuals, and to some extent communities, he believes, must have freedom of choice. "None should be compelled to read or listen to what he abhors . . . None should be precluded from writing or reading as his own rather than another's taste may determine." Encouragement of good books and reading rather than censorship of the bad should be the American goal.
-------. Security, Loyalty and Science. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1950. 300p. G65
A study of "the impact upon our civil liberties of current governmental programs designed to ensure internal security and to expose and control disloyalty or subversive conduct." Chapters 1 through 3 deal with the American government system for keeping secrets and with the balance of security versus dissemination of essential information. The study is critical of unnecessary restrictions of scientific data in the interest of security. "Secrecy is antithetical to the spirit of science."
-------. "Security, Secrecy, and the Advancement of Science." In Civil Liberties Under Attack. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951, pp. 85-106. G66 §
Genest, John. Some Account of the English Stage, From the Restoration in 1660 to 1830. Bath, Eng., Printed by H. E. Carrington, 1832. 10 vols. (Available on Microcard) G67
Discuses the licensing of the stage and gives numerous accounts of attacks on the stage and players and the suppression of stage productions, beginning with William Prynne's Histrio-Mastix (1633). The work is considered both thorough and accurate.
Gentleman's Magazine. London, 1731-1907. Monthly. G68
The issues of 1737-38 frequently contain articles dealing with freedom of the press and the libel laws of England, including a number of articles by Caleb D'Anvers reprinted from The Craftsman. A few examples are: Of The Arts of Printing, and Liberty of the Press, March 1737; The Liberty of the Press, January 1738 (reprint of article on the Zenger trial from The Craftsman, 21 January 1738); The Importance of the Liberty of the Press, January 1738 (reprinted from Common Sense, 7 January 1738); and Whether There Is Now Any Liberty of the Press, April 1738 (reprinted from The Craftsman, 29 April 1738).
Gentz, Friedrich von. "Reflections on the Liberty of the Press in Great Britain. Translated from the German of the Celebrated F. von Gentz." Pamphleteer (London), 15:455-96, 1819. (Also printed as a separate pamphlet) G69
This friend and advisor to the Austrian prince, Metternich, considers the contemporary English press as existing in "a state of absolute anarchy." Unless more strict press controls are instituted, this absolutist writer warns, the English press might as well be abandoned to its own devices. Specifically, English press law is unclear, leaving decision to the arbitrary action of the court. Nevertheless, he considers how the English system might be used as a model for other states by recognizing the difficulties and dangers where the state is "not favored by local circumstances." Reviewed in The Monthly Review or Literary Journal, 88:(ser. 2):270-85, March 1819.
George, J. W. "Lucky Strike Campaign Starts Fight over Radio Censorship." Advertising and Selling, 12:22, 65, 26 December 1928. G70
The cigarette company's campaign, aimed at substituting smoking for the eating of sweets, brought forth complaints to government authorities from the candy and restaurant industries and raised questions with respect to control of radio advertising in the public interest.
George, John. A Treatise on the Offence of Libel; with a Disquisition on the Right, Benefits, and Proper Boundaries of Political Discussion. London, Taylor and Hessey, 1812. 361p. G71
George, Walter L. "Sincerity: The Publisher and the Policeman.'' In his Literary Chapters. Boston, Little, Brown, 1918, pp. 111-35. G72
The circulating libraries of England that have rejected so many works of literary importance reflect, rather than create, the Puritan climate of the time. The author places the real blame for censorship on the publishers for their timidity and the police for taking action against works of merit and frankness. "We cannot be sincere because the police dare not allow it."
Georgia Literature Commission. A Report . . . to the Governor, the General Assembly, and the People of Georgia. Atlanta, State of Georgia, 1955. 60p. G73
The Committee was formed by the legislature in 1953, according to Governor Talmadge, "for the purpose of ridding our newsstands of lewd and obscene literature which are deleterious to the morals and good order of our communities and state. It is a study agency, has no powers of censorship, nor authority to punish offenders." The report is signed by the chairman of the Committee, James Pickett Wesberry. After the abolition of the Rhode Island Commission to Encourage Morality in Youth, according to Publishers' Weekly, 8 June 1964, Georgia remained the only state with a morality commission.
Gerald, J. Edward. The British Press under Government Controls. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1956. 235p. G74
A professor of journalism analyzes the effect of government economic controls (supply of newsprint and labor) on the British press, controls that began as security measures at the onset of World War II and continued into the postwar decades. He evaluates the control legislation both as to its impact on the press as a social institution and its probable use in the future to influence newspaper content. He also discusses the work of the Royal Commission on the Press.
-------. The Press and the Constitution, 1931-1947. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1948. 173p. G75
Development of the concept of freedom of the press in the United States on the basis of constitutional law during the period beginning with the Minnesota gag-law case in 1931 (Near v. Minnesota) and ending with the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947. The author includes in his discussion the antitrust laws, newspaper taxes, wage and hour legislation, censorship, picketing, licensing, and the contempt of court power.
-------. The Social Responsibility of the Press. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1963. 214p. G76
The author considers the theory of diversity in communications in a democracy, a concept growing out of English law and embodied in the American Bill of Rights. He traces a parallel development of business enterprise in which entrepreneurs arrive at their own theories of publishing and broadcasting. He explores problems arising from this conflict in interest and considers the various criticism of the mass media. "When the claims are balanced and a course of future action sought, it should be remembered that the freedom given to business and the press is solely for accomplishing the ideals of the open society and the community's concern for man as man." The final chapter deals with professional organization. "Professional spirit is a powerful defense against the acceptance of imbalanced government, against technological captivity, against coercion and disruption of political communication, because it attracts and trains persons able to cope with tasks of such magnitude."
-------. "Study of Press Freedom Teaches American Heritage." Journalism Quarterly, 26:68-71, March 1949. G77
Gerber, Albert B. "A Suggested Solution to the Riddle of Obscenity." University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 112:834-56, April 1964. G78
The author suggests "concepts which might eliminate the untenable posture that the law has adopted with respect to criminal obscenity." He reviews the historical background leading to the present confusion. "Every problem of obscenity must be tested under the criterion of balancing the claim that the material is obscene against the harm to the area of conduct protected by the first amendment." The courts "must recognize that they are rendering a decision in a dynamic field."
Gerbner, George. "Mental Illness on Television: a Study of Censorship." Journal of Broadcasting, 3:293-303, Fall 1959. G79
The article illustrates some aspects of the dynamics of network censorship in one area of national concern: the treatment of mental illness and the mental health professions on television.
-------, and Percy H. Tannenbaum. "Regulation of Mental Illness Content in Motion Pictures and Television." Gazette; International Journal for Mass Communications Studies, 6:365-85, 1961. G80
A report of "some studies and observations probing into the effects of motion pictures and broadcast censorship upon the communication of ideas and images of mental illness."
"German and English Censorship." Living Age, 332:270-71, 1 February 1927. G81
Comments on the censorship law (Schmutz und Schund) recently passed in Germany which provides for a board of censors in every federal state to review books, and the recent English censorship law aimed at checking "scandalous and salacious reports of divorce proceedings" in newspapers..
Gerrard, John. "Irish Censorship--or Fighting for Cleaner Cinema." Sight and Sound, 18(70):81-82, Summer 1949. G82
James Montgomery, first holder of the office of Irish [movie] Censor (1923), "took the Ten Commandments as his code and swung into a full-blooded battle against the low standards prevailing at the time. Of the 1,307 features submitted to him in 1924, he rejected 104 and administered severe cuts to 166." He was urged by Catholic newspapers to be even more strict. In 1941 Montgomery was succeeded by Dr. Richard Hayes who applied "the simple moral code and the principles on which civilization and family life are built." No political censorship is applied, but Dr. Hayes noted that "anything advocating Communism or presenting it in an unduly favourable light gets the knife!"
[Gerry, Elbridge]. [Message of Governor Elbridge Gerry on Newspaper Libels]. Boston, 1812. 12p. G83
Governor Gerry requests the Massachusetts legislature to pass a law clarifying the offense of libel, now subject to the uncertainty of the common law. The courts, he said, have ruled that truth can be given as a defense in the case of an offense against an elected official but not a judge or an appointed official. Judges, he said, should not be exempt. He cites a report (attached) from the Attorney and Solicitor General of the Commonwealth itemizing 253 libels appearing in Boston papers in the past 9 months.
Gertz, Elmer. Censored: Books and Their Right to Live. Lawrence, Kan., University of Kansas Library, 1965. 19p. (12th Annual Public Lecture on Books and Bibliography) G84
Observations of a Chicago lawyer based on a lifetime fight against censorship. Includes references to Frank Harris' My Life and Loves (Gertz wrote the first serious study of Harris) and Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer, which he defended successfully in Chicago. He tends to agree with Justice Black in rejecting all forms of censorship. There are bad books, but they should be rejected by the reader, not by the police or even the courts, which cannot agree on what should be banned. Furthermore, there is no real evidence to show the effect of bad books on the reader.
-------. "The End of All Censorship." Nation, 201:7-10, 5 July 1965. (Reprinted in St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 July 1965) G85
Lawyer Gertz, long a student of the obscenity laws, describes the evolution of his own thinking about obscenity, beginning with the point of view of legally proscribing works that represent "utterly worthless obscenity" to his present belief "that adults should be permitted to read anything, literally anything." He compares the U.S. Supreme Court's efforts at balancing freedom of the press and local pressures and passions against obscenity with its earlier efforts to balance civil rights and racial prejudice by the doctrine of separate-but-equal facilities. It is time that the Supreme Court says that the adult is free to chose not only its rulers but its reading matter. "There must be an end to all censorship of books for adults."
-------. A Handful of Clients. Chicago, Follett, 1965. 379p. G86
In chapters 6 and 7 Gertz describes the Chicago ban on Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer and the court case which resulted in the freeing of the book by Judge Epstein. Gertz was the lawyer for the publishers, Grove Press.
-------. "Illinois Battle over Tropic of Cancer." Chicago Bar Record, 46:161-72, January 1965. G87 §
A lawyer's account of the Tropic of Cancer case in the Illinois courts, with extensive quotations from opinions of the courts, not otherwise in print. In March 1962 Judge Samuel B. Epstein of the Supreme Court of Cook County had declared the book not obscene. He said, in part, "Let the parents control the reading matter of their children; let the tastes of the readers determine what they may or may not read; let each reader be his own censor; but let not the government or the courts dictate the reading matter of a free people." Superintendent Wilson of the Chicago police appealed the case to the Appellate Court of Illinois, which referred the case to the Illinois Supreme Court on constitutional grounds. On 18 June 1964 that court unanimously reversed Judge Epstein's decision, declaring the book obscene and not entitled to constitutional protection. Four days later the U.S. Supreme Court, in a Florida case, Grove Press v. Gorstein, ruled the book not obscene. On 7 July, the Illinois Supreme Court withdrew its earlier decision and ordered the judgment of the Superior Court of Cook County affirmed and the book cleared.
-------. "Test case: Tropic of Cancer." Focus Midwest, 1(2):12-14, July 1962. G88
The Chicago attorney who represented Grove Press and Henry Miller in the Chicago courts, discusses the implications of the case. The test of a free people, he maintains, is the freedom to read.
-------. "The Tropic of Cancer Litigation in Illinois." Kentucky Law Journal, 51:591-610, Summer 1963. G89 §
Another account of the case against the Grove Press edition of Henry Miller's work before the Superior Court of Cook County, Illinois, told by the defense attorney. Gertz outlines the evidence for the defense adduced at the trial, using the language of the statutes: "(1) The character of the audience for which the material was designed. . . . (2) What the predominent appeal of the material would be for ordinary adults or a special audience. . . . (3) The artistic, literary, scientific, educational or other merits of the material . . . . (4) The degree . . . of public acceptance . . . (5) Appeal to the prurient interest, or [absence] thereof, in advertising or other promotion of material. . . . (6) Purpose of the author. . . ."
Gessler, Charles A. "Comic Book Ordinance Unconstitutional." Southern California Law Review, 35:325-31, Spring 1960. G90
Relates to Katzev v. County of Los Angeles (1959) in which the California Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the Los Angeles County Ordinance prohibiting the sale of crime comic books to children.
Gibb, Mildred A. John Lilburne, the Leveller; A Christian Democrat. London, Drummond, 1947. 359p. G91
The first full-length biography of the impassioned leader of the English Levellers during the Puritan Revolution, based on examination of Lilburne's own writings, contemporary manuscripts, records, and pamphlets. For his published criticisms of the established Church and parliament Lilburne was tried and convicted by the Star Chamber in 1638. Two years later he was released by Cromwell but in 1646 was again imprisoned for his pamphlets calling for democratic reform in the constitution and parliament. The oft-imprisoned Lilburne described himself as "an honest, true-bred, free-born Englishman, that never in his life loved a tyrant nor feared an oppressor." This work includes illustrations of Lilburne, Dr. Bastwick, William Laud, and William Prynne, all of whom figured in the seventeenth-century fight for press freedom.
Gibbon, Monk. "In Defense of Censorship." Bell (Dublin), 9:313-22, January 945. G92
The author warmly defends the principle, if not the practice, of literary censorship. Every nation has the right to defend its young from harmful reading "for what youth thinks matters at least as much as what it eats, perhaps more." Writers have a profound influence, for good or bad, on current mentality, if not morality. The Catholic Church and Soviet Russia both understand that realistically "certain authors and certain books are better left unread." The author comments in some detail on what he believes is good literature and what is bad. Answers to Gibbon from G. B. Shaw, Sean O'Casey, and others appear in the February 1945 issue.
Gibson, Morgan. "A Warning from Milwaukee: The Tropic Trial." Michigan's Literary Quarterly, 3(1):41-44, Winter 1962-63. G93
An account of the Milwaukee trial of Tropic of Cancer related by a witness for the defense. Circuit Court Judge Ronald A. Drechsler declared the book obscene. In the same issue (pp. 48-49) the editor, Robert Bassil, discusses episodes of censorship of student magazines and newspapers.
Gilbert, Robert W. "Union Publications and the Unlawful Purpose Doctrine." Labor Law Journal, 5:175-82, March 1954. G94
Gildersleeve, Virginia C. Government Regulation of the Elizabethan Drama. New York, Columbia University Press, 1908. 259p. (Columbia University Studies in English, 2d ser., vol. 4, no. 1; reprinted by Burt Franklin, New York, 1961) G95
An account of the laws and regulations, national and local, which affected drama during this important period of its history, including the standing of players and playhouses in the eyes of the law. Chapter 3 deals with the Nature of Censorship.
Gilfond, Duff. "Arbiters of Obscenity in the Post Office Department." New Republic, 59:119-21, 19 June 1929. G96
-------. "Customs Men Keep Us Pure." New Republic, 59:176-77, 3 July 1929. G97
Gill, John. Tide Without Turning: Elijah P. Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press. Boston, Beacon, 1958. 256p. G98
The story of the Lovejoy martyrdom, based on original papers and dramatically told. Lovejoy was a young abolitionist editor of Alton, Ill., who was shot to death by a mob in 1837 while attempting to defend his press from destruction. The mob leaders were acquitted in what is considered one of the most flagrant miscarriages of justice in the nation's history.
Gill, Theodore. "The Freedom to Read and Religious Problems." ALA Bulletin, 59:477-83, June 1965. G99 §
The president of San Francisco Theological Seminary asks that librarians not blame religion for all the problems raised in its name. The political zealot and the sex-obsessed, who, in the name of religion, demand that churches, schools, and libraries conform to their own beliefs are not the emissaries of the church. "They are part of a problem we share with you." Dr. Gill speaks of the reawakening taking place in both Catholic and Protestant theology in confronting public issues, including freedom to read. Protestants thought is shifting from a "content Christianity" to a "context Christianity," which says that "the meaning of any act or any word is determined not by traditions about their use but by the context in which they occur this time." This is not only good theology but enlightened self-interest for "we simply know that the abridgers of anyone's thinking could abridge ours."
Gilleland, LaRue. Obscenity--"Anybody's Guess." Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1961. 4p. (Publication no. 53) G100 §
The author considers the controversy over whether or not the reading of an obscene book is likely to result in the commission of an antisocial act.
Gillett, Charles R. Burned Books; Neglected Chapters in British History and Literature. New York, Columbia University Press, 1932. 2 vols. (Reprinted by Kennikat Press, Port Washington, N.Y., 1960) G101
A well-documented study of book censorship in Great Britain, developed chronologically around specific books that were condemned to the flames. Beginning with pre-Reformation manuscripts, the study covers the burnings under Elizabeth and the Stuarts (including Archbishop Laud's persecutions), the destruction of the secret tracts of the English Civil War, the persecution of works of the Levellers and Socinians, books burned under Charles II and James II, books burned under William III (including Irenic books), and a brief survey of burnings in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. "Most of the books to be mentioned were the product of a purpose which had in view the reformation or the overthrow of a system that was regarded as false, vicious, or unjust. Some of these systems were political, some of them were ecclesiastical, and those who lighted the fires were politicians or clerics who foresaw the threatened destruction of that which they held sacred, or that on which they fattened." Only a negligible number of works were burned on the basis of immorality. After the Restoration, burning as a means of suppressing books gradually went out of fashion. "The burning of a book," the author observes, "gave advertising which resulted frequently in a wider dissemination of the offending views than might otherwise have been obtained." About 100 of the burned books referred to are represented in the McAlpin Collection in the library of the Union Theological Seminary.
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