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[Congreve, William]. Amendments of Mr. Collier's False and Imperfect Citations, &c From the Old Batchelour, Double Dealer, Love for Love, Mourning Bride, By the Author of those Plays. London, Printed for J. Tonson, 1698. 109p. C506
An answer to Jeremy Collier's attacks on the London stage.
Conn, Marshall J. "Constitutional Censorship of Motion Pictures--An Iconoclastic View." University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 17:637-59, Summer 1956. C507
The Constitution seems to take sides with "free thinkers," although not on the side of immorality. That problem seems to be left to the jurisdiction of the parent, the teacher, the social worker, or clergyman. "The social order may demand morality, and it is free to attempt to reach its goal so long as it honors the demands of the first and fourteenth amendments."
Connally, Peter R. "Censorship." Christus Rex, 13:151-70, July 1959. C508
A discussion of censorship in general, Irish censorship in particular.
Conrad, Joseph. "Censor of Plays." In his Notes on Life and Letters. London, Dent, 1921, pp. 76-80. (Appeared originally in the Daily Mail, 12 October 1907) C509
An appeal against stage censorship in England as an affront not only to the self-respect of the artist but also to the public. Conrad describes his own contact with the licensing system, which came as a shock. A man who is courageous enough to occupy the post of Censor of Plays in the twentieth century "must be either an extreme megalomaniac or an utterly unconscious being. . . . Is it not time to knock the improper object (censorship) off its shelf?"
-------. Letters from Conrad, 1895 to 1924. Edited with Introduction and Notes by Edward Garnett. London, Nonesuch Press, [1928]. 335p. C510
Several letters to Edward Garnett deal with censorship of The Breaking Point and reveal Conrad's opposition to censorship: "The institution should be attacked on moral grounds as a cowardly expedient."
"Considerations in Determining the Limitations on State Power to Regulate Motion Picture Content." Indiana Law Journal, 30:462-76, Summer 1955. C511
Considerations on the Legality of General Warrants, and the Propriety of a Parliamentary Regulation of the same, [with] a postscript on a pamphlet concerning Juries, Libels, etc. 2d ed. London, W. Nicoll, 1765. 50p. C512
Answered in Father of Candor's A Letter Concerning Libels.
Constant de Rebecque, Henri B. On the Liberty of the Press; or An Enquiry How Far Government May Safely Allow the Publication of Political Pamphlets, Essays, and Periodical Works. Translated from the French exclusively for the Pamphleteer. [London], 1815. 33p. (Pamphleteer, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 205-38) C513
The author is a disenchanted Bonapartist who became a prominent pamphleteer for civil liberties and government reforms. This pamphlet, widely circulated in France and England, urges France to follow the more liberal policy of England toward freedom of the press.
The Constitution and Censorship. 30 min., b/w movie. New York, Center for Mass Communication, Columbia University. (Decision: The Constitution in Action Series) C514
The issue of "prior restraint" is presented in the case of Burstyn v. Wilson, dealing with the ban of The Miracle by the New York State film censorship board and in the case of Cantwell v. Connecticut, involving a Jehovah's Witnesses minister, arrested for going from door-to-door playing a phonograph record which attacks religious doctrines. The film is documentary in character.
"Constitutional Association." Edinburgh Review, 37:110-21, June 1822. C515
An address to the Earl of Liverpool on the degraded state of the government press and its supporters. The author observes that a period of excessive suppression of the press had been followed by a period of government indifference. Recent censorship cases indicate a revival of severity. The Constitutional Association was established to enforce the law against seditious libel.
[Constitutional Association for Opposing the Progress of Disloyal and Seditious Principles]. "Address, 17 April 1821." In Mence, Law of Libel, vol. 1, pp. 186 ff. C516
The Constitutional Association was formed in 1820 by English Tories who wanted a counterpart of the vice society to suppress disloyal and seditious publications. The suppression of licentiousness of the press, the address argued, would, in effect, secure the true liberty of the press, by suppressing the false. A work is criminal, if it makes any private person look ridiculous, and especially if that person is entrusted with the administration of public affairs. The Association, called the "Bridge-Street Gang," survived for only a short time and was generally discredited when prosecutions sponsored by its agents were rejected by the courts. The final discrediting came in the prosecution of a poor book-vendor, David Ridgeway, described in Wickwar's Struggle for the Freedom of the Press.
-------. Documents Relating to Libels. London, Ellerton & Henderson, 1821. 16p. C517
Constitutional Freedom in Peril. The Jehovah['s] Witnesses' Case. Winnipeg, Winnipeg Free Press, 1954, 23p. (Winnipeg Free Press Pamphlet no. 48) C518
Relates to the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada (6 October 1953) in favor of Jehovah's Witnesses' freedom to distribute printed matter on the streets. The decision was widely hailed as a victory for constitutional rights, but in reality, it "was a defeat for these and other constitutional rights . . . Thus while the Witnesses won, the real constitutional issue of jurisdiction was decided in favor of the provinces [Quebec] and against the Federal Parliament."
"A Constitutional Shock: Disclosure of Anonymous Authorship." South African Law Times, 2:204-5, October 1933. C519
Deals with a case in Southern Rhodesia in which an editor was jailed for refusing to reveal to the police the name of the writer of an allegedly libelous letter appearing in his paper.
"Constitutional Status of Antileaflet Ordinances." Monthly Labor Review, 48: 881-85, April 1939. C520
References to the case of Lovell v. City of Giffin, 303 U.S. 444, in which the U.S. Supreme Court held the ordinance against Jehovah's Witnesses to be unconstitutional.
"The Consumer and Federal Regulation of Advertising." Harvard Law Review, 53:828-42, March 1940. C521
Several indictments leveled against advertising copy have led the public to demand some regulation of advertising. The author reviews the regulatory activities of the Post Office Department, the Federal Alcohol Administration, the Federal Food and Drug Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission. The mere prevention of outright falsehood is not the ultimate solution, but the creation of practicable standards on a wide scale is both paternalistic and difficult to administer. A possible solution is the creation of a centralized federal agency dedicated to consumer welfare and education.
"Control of the Press." Economist (London) 151:85-86, 20 July 1946. C522
Personalism, not monopoly, is the chief threat to freedom of the press in Great Britain. The practice of certain publishers in using their newspapers "merely as giant megaphones for their own whims and prejudices" is a menace to a free press. Raising the standards of education and popular taste, however, will be more effective in achieving reform than the enactment of dangerous legal restraints on the press.
"Controlling Press and Radio Influence on Trials." Harvard Law Review, 63:840-53, March 1950. C523
The article considers three questions: Is the news reporting practice one which can be seriously harmful? If so, what is the likelihood that it will be? What is the social cost of preventing the harm, and would the particular methods used be constitutional? Possible remedies are voluntary action by press and radio to restrain crime reporting, a change of venue, a new trial, contempt of court, and prevention of disclosure to the press.
"Controversial Books." Kansas Library Bulletin, 32:28-30, June 1963. C524
A group of librarians discuss practical methods for the selection of controversial books in areas of politics, religion, and sex, and steps to take in the wake of demands for censorship.
Controversy, Freedom of Speech, and Majority Rule. 30 min. b/w movie. San Francisco, Alfred T. Palmer Productions. (The Great Idea Series) C525
[Converse, Sherman]. Report of the Case of Joshua Stow v. Sherman Converse, for a Libel; containing a History of Two Trials before the Superior Court, and some account of the proceedings before the Supreme Court of Errors. New Haven, Conn., S. Converse, 1822. 183p. C526
Stow, a leading political figure, sued Converse for libel for accusing him of being an infidel (in Converse's newspaper, the Connecticut Journal of 16 March 1819.) The award was to the plaintiff. The trial is significant because it involves questions of introduction of evidence as to truth or falsehood and also of the practice of returning a jury to a second and third consideration of their verdicts.
"Conviction of Heresy." Truth Seeker, 33:756-57, 1 December 1906. C527
An editorial on the expulsion of the Reverend Algernon S. Crapsey from the Episcopal Church because of his beliefs concerning the physical being and the life of Christ, as expressed in his book, Religion and Politics. In 1924 Crapsey published his autobiography, The Last of the Heretics.
Conway, Moncure D. Blasphemous Libels . . . London, E. W. Allen, [1883]. pp. 277-88. (Lessons for the Day, no. 24) C528
-------. Liberty and Morality; A Discourse Given at South Place Chapel, Finsbury. London, Freethought Publishing Co., 1878. 15p. (Reprinted in Truth Seeker Tracts, no. 153) C529
A liberal minister criticizes British efforts at suppression of obscenity and disagrees with the prosecution of Mrs. Besant, Mr. Bradlaugh, and Mr. Truelove. The vice societies have departed from their original purpose of suppressing vice to attack unorthodox expression and honest sex education. "They who menace man's freedom of thought and speech are tampering with something more powerful than gunpowder."
-------. The Life of Thomas Paine: With a History of His Literary, Political, and Religious Career in America, France, and England. London, Putnam, 1892. 2 vols. C530
A defense of Paine by a British author, editor, and liberal minister. Includes a sketch of Paine by William Cobbett. Throughout the biography there are references to the suppression of Paine's unorthodox works on politics and religion.
Cook, Benning P. "The Right to Censure: A Lockian View." Issue, 1(1):19-22, Winter 1963. C531 §
According to the author, a graduate student in philosophy at the University of California, John Locke asserts that men have given up their natural right of self-protection in order to be regulated by law of the community. The right of personal religion and morality are retained rights, however, and never surrendered. "The allegiance of any man is first owed to God, his Creator, and then to the community in which he dwells. Therefore he is obliged to resist the community to death, where the community is believed to have violated the laws and commandments of God."
Cook, Bruce. "Candy Comes to Chicago." Nation, 199:125-26, 14 September 1964 C532
The banning of the sale of Candy in Chicago and the organization of booksellers in that city for mutual defense against strict police censorship.
Cook, Sir Edward T. The Press Censorship, Interview Given by Sir Edward T. Cook to the Associated Press. London, Burrup, Mathieson, and Sprague, 1916. 12p. C533
An account of wartime censorship by the chief British censor, World War I.
-------. The Press in War-Time. With Some Account of the Official Press Bureau; An Essay. London, Macmillan, 1920. 200p. (Spanish translation published in Buenos Aires in 1923 by L. Bernard) C534
Reminiscences of Britain's chief censor in World War I. He describes methods used and the difficulties as well as fallacies of censorship.
Cook, G. Bradford. "Motion Picture Censorship." Nebraska Law Review, 40: 491-502, April 1961. C535
An historical review of the development of modern screen censorship through the second Times Film Corp. case, 365 U.S. 43 (1961). The author believes that court decisions, in permitting previewing of any film, permit previewing of all films. Such a procedure could be time-consuming and costly. "The benefit of censorship laws to society is doubtful, and the harm to a free society is obvious."
Cook, Harold M. "Freedom of Speech and Press vs. National Security." Alabama Lawyer, 3:78-89, January 1942. C536
An analysis of major cases under the wartime Espionage Act of 1917 including Schenck v. U.S., Frohwerk v. U.S. (articles in a German language newspaper), Debs v. U.S., Abrams v. U.S. (pamphlets opposing the American Expeditionary Force to Russia), Schaefer v. U.S. (editorial in a German language newspaper), and Gitlow v. N.Y. (publication of a revolutionary manifesto). The Gitlow case came under the New York criminal anarchy law. The author draws the conclusion that "the collective right of organized society must take precedence over individual liberty where the same are in irreconcilable conflict."
Cooke, George W. Treatise on the Law of Defamation. London, O. Richards, 1844. 512p. C537
Includes the changes in English libel law resulting from the Lord Campbell Act of 1843, which recognized truth as evidence.
[Cooley, John G.]. Report of the Trial of John G. Cooley, Editor of "The Reporter," a Temperance Paper, for an alleged Libel upon K. H. Van Rensalaer, Keeper of a Fashionable Grop shop . . . Before the Superior Court at Norwich, 1847 . . . Norwich, Conn., John G. Cooley, 1847. 80p. C538
The case was dismissed when the jury could not agree.
Cooley, Thomas M. Constitutional Limitations Which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union. 8th ed. Boston, Little, Brown, 1927, 2 vols. C539
Chapter 12, Liberty of Speech and of the Press, reviews legal decisions of state and federal courts dealing with such issues as libel upon the government, publication of privileged communications, privilege of publishers of news, publication of legal proceedings, the jury as the judge in libel cases, and the doctrine of "good motives and justifiable ends."
Coons, John E., ed. Freedom and Responsibility in Broadcasting. Evanston, Ill., Northwestern University Press, 1961. 252p. C540
Speeches by Newton N. Minow, Le Roy Collins, Louis L. Jaffe, and Roscoe Barrow, and discussion by participants at a conference on broadcasting held at Northwestern University. Includes a history of the FCC.
Cooper, Courtney R. "This Trash Must Go!" Forum, 103:61-64, February 1940. C541
The author urges action be taken against the "torrent of smutty magazines" flooding the newsstands. He gives examples of local community efforts in controlling obscene magazines, particularly the work of the Permanent Committee on Public Decency, Buffalo, N.Y.
Cooper, Geoffrey. Caesar's Mistress: the BBC on Trial. London, Venture Publications, 1948. 113p. C542
A critical inquiry into charges of bribery, corruption, and inefficiency in the operation of the British Broadcasting Corporation, made by a Member of Parliament. The B.B.C. Advisory Council, he believes, should be a representative body reflecting both producer and consumer interests.
[Cooper, James F.]. Cooper Versus Horace Greeley and Thomas McElrath: a Brief Statement of the Pleadings and Argument in the Case, with Running Commentaries on the Law. New York, 1843. 16p. C543
Between 1837 and 1845 the novelist James Fenimore Cooper waged a war against the American press, bringing a total of 14 private libel suits and 2 criminal libel suits against newspapermen, including Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune. "The entire nation breaths an atmosphere of falsehoods," Cooper charged in The American Democrat (1838). "The country cannot much longer exist in safety under the malign influence that now overshadows it. . . . [The press] as a whole owes its existence to the schemes of interested political adventurers."
Cooper, Kent. Anna Zenger; Mother of Freedom. New York, Farrar, Straus, 1946. 345p. C544
"This novelized biography of Anna Zenger [wife of John Peter Zenger] has been written in this form to give co-ordinating details for the actual incidents that I believe were the genesis of freedom in this land." A number of documents in the Zenger case are reproduced at the back of the volume.
-------. Barriers Down; the Story of the News Agency Epoch. New York, Farrar and Rinnehart, 1942. 324p. C545
Cooper relates the longtime efforts of the Associated Press, of which he was head, to extend its coverage of world news and to break the monopoly of foreign news held by the British agency, Reuters.
-------. "Free News: First Step in Peace." Free World, 8:225-29, September 1944. C546
With this article, Mr. Cooper begins a campaign for international agreements on world press freedom. Free exchange of news and information among peoples of the world, he asserts, will remove causes for war.
-------. "A Free Press in a Free World; A Check upon Government Propaganda." Vital Speeches, 11:209-11, 15 January 1945. C547
A speech in behalf of a world-wide free press and freedom of international news exchange as the most powerful forces for world peace.
-------. "Freedom of Information; Call for Unhampered Flow of World News." Life, 17:55-58+, 13 November 1944. C548
The former head of Associated Press is generally credited with having started the crusade for world press freedom as a method of preventing war, a campaign undertaken by the American Society of Newspaper Editors.
-------. "Government, the Press, and World News Freedom." United Nations World, 1:20-21, September 1947 C549
The author stresses the need for world freedom of news coverage and especially for full reporting of U.N. activities.
-------. The Right to Know; An Exposition of the Evils of News Suppression and Propaganda. New York, Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1956. 335p. C550
The former head of Associated Press reviews the history of government control of the press, exposing the tragic results of the use of censorship and propaganda as a device of public policy. Many of the examples are taken from the author's own wide experience. Cooper urges that government withdraw from news gathering and news dispensing activities. Included is a detailed account of the case of Edward Kennedy, AP newsman, who defied government censorship of news concerning the end of World War II.
-------. "To Prevent War, No News Blackout." New York Times Magazine, 11 March 1945, pp. 33, 35. C551
We must spread truth and make it a shield to guard world peace. America should hold out in the peace settlement for two things that make a world-wide community of interest possible: a world-wide free press and a communications system adapted to serve the press everywhere.
Cooper, Morton. "Fanny Hill vs. The Constitution." Pageant, 19: 14-20, June 1964. C552
Cooper, Sanford L. "Censorship." In Newsmen's Holiday. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1942, pp. 112-26. C553
The cable editor of the Pittsburgh Press discusses current wartime censorship--that imposed by the military and that imposed by the Office of Censorship in Washington. While censorship thus far is mild, the author reports the fears of some that it may become more severe, that it may become positive, using information (true or false) as a propaganda tool, and that censorship may be extended beyond essential war news to silence all criticism of government. We can keep censorship in its proper place by using freedom of the press with common-sense restraint.
Cooper, Thomas. An Account of the Trial of Thomas Cooper, of Northumberland; on a Charge of Libel against the President of the United States. . . . With a Preface, Notes, and Appendix. Philadelphia, Printed by John Bioren for the Author, 1800. 64p. (Reprinted in American State Trials, vol. 10, pp. 774-812, and in Wharton, State Trials, pp. 65-81) C554
Cooper was an English radical who had moved to the United States in 1794, during the conservative reaction to the French Revolution that swept England. He took up residence in Northumberland, Pa., near his friend Joseph Priestley. Cooper was trained as a lawyer, owned a textile mill, attained some renown as a chemist, and from 1820 to 1833 was president of South Carolina College. He was also an articulate anti-Federalist and wrote various articles against the Alien and Sedition Acts. In 1800 he was arrested and brought to trial in the Circuit Court of the United States under the Sedition Act of 1798 for libeling President Adams. Cooper conducted his own defense, arguing with great conviction and logic that his writings were both true and made with honest intent; that the denial of peaceful persuasion during a presidential campaign was to defeat democracy. Judge Samuel Chase, departing from impartiality, argued for the prosecution and Cooper was found guilty. He served six months in prison where he continued to criticize the President and the Federalists, assuming the role of political martyr.
-------. Defence of Dr. Cooper, before the Trustees of South Carolina College, Columbia. Boston, Printed at the Times & Gazette Office, 1833. 64p. C555
Cooper was forced to resign from his presidency of South Carolina College in 1833 and from his professorship the following year because of liberal religious views expressed verbally and in publications. He had earlier been forced from the faculty of the University of Virginia because of attacks by clergy. John Adams called Cooper "a learned, ingenious, scientific, and talented madcap."
-------. Political Essays, Originally Inserted in the Northumberland Gazette, with Additions. Northumberland, Pa., Andrew Kennedy, 1799. 64p. C556
Includes extracts from a speech by Thomas Erskine on the English doctrine of libel and comments on the Alien and Sedition Acts.
-------. "The Right of Free Discussion." In his Lectures on the Elements of Political Economy. 2d ed. Columbia, S.C., 1829. 17p. (Also published as an appendix to Treatise on the Law of Libel, and as a separate pamphlet published in London by J. Watson, 1840. 22p.) C557
-------. A Treatise on the Law of Libel and the Liberty of the Press; Showing the Origin, Use, and Abuse of the Law of Libel . . . New York, G. F. Hopkins, 1830. 184p. C558
The author, president of Columbia College in South Carolina, had 30 years earlier been the defendant in a sedition trial. His doctrines on a free press, he writes, grew out of the earlier statements of Milton (Areopagitica, 1644), Anthony Collins (1724), his own earlier tract (1787), Robert Hall (1821), Samuel Bailey (1821), and Thomas Herttell (1828). His legal researches led him to protest against the common law doctrine of libel and blasphemy. Appendix 1 deals with heresy and blasphemy.
Cooper, Thompson. "William Carter." In Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 3, pp. 1116-17. (Also referred to in the Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 15, p. 630) C559
Carter operated a secret Catholic press which was discovered by the authorities in 1579. In 1582 he was arrested for publishing a Treatise of Schism, in which a cryptic passage was interpreted as urging the assassination of Queen Elizabeth. For this he was found guilty, hanged, boweled, and quartered. Siebert states that Carter was the only person put to death for his publishing activities during the Tudor period.
Cooper, William C. A Sketch of the Life of . . . Henry Cooper . . . of the Norfolk Circuit; as also of his Father (Charles Cooper). (Report of the Trial of M. A. Carlile, for Publishing a New Year's Address to Reformers of Great Britain . . .) London, W. & H. S. Warr, 1856. 139p. C560
Henry Cooper was a young liberal lawyer, an intimate friend and intended biographer of Thomas Erskine. Shortly after a brilliant and successful defense of Mary-Anne Carlile on trial for seditious libel in 1821, Cooper died. This sketch was written by his brother. Cooper's speech at the Mary-Anne Carlile trial is reprinted as an appendix.
Coote, William A., ed. Pernicious Literature; Debate in the House of Commons; Trial and Conviction [of Henry Vizetelly] for Sale of Zola's Novels. London, National Vigilance Association [1889]. 32p. C561
Coote was head of the National Vigilance Association that brought Vizetelly to trial.
-------. A Romance of Philanthropy; being a record of some of the principal incidents connected with the exceptionally successful thirty years' work of the National Vigilance Association. London, The Association, 1916. 235 p. C562
Chapter 3 deals with the Association's attack on indecent literature and exhibitions, since its founding by W. T. Stead in 1885. Chapter 4 is on the origin of the Censorship Committee of the Bill Posters' Protective Association, which cooperated with the Vigilance Association in eliminating objectionable placards and posters. Chapter 5 describes the Association's action against the Rabelais Gallery of Pictures and the clandestine selling of obscene prints. Chapter 6 contains a discussion of the prosecution of the publisher of The Yoke and the censorship of the unpublished works of Sir Richard Burton. Lady Burton, who died in 1896, had appointed Mr. Coote as one of her literary trustees. He was to supervise publication of her husband's work so that not a single immodest, coarse, or indecent word would appear in print. Also included in the book are reports of the various international purity conferences in which the Association participated.
Copinger, Walter A. Copinger and Skone James on the Law of Copyright . . . 8th ed. Edited by F. E. Skone James. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1948. 664p. C563
Leading English work on copyright, first published in 1870.
[Corbet, William]. Reports of the Trial, F. E. Jones v. William Corbet, Proprietor of the Hibernian Telegraph. Dublin, 1810. C564
Corbet was ordered before the House of Lords to answer for a libel on Lord Aldborough that appeared in the Hibernian Telegraph. Corbet was reprimanded for publishing an account of the proceedings of Parliament.
[Corbett, James A.]."Trouble at Cochise." Arizona Librarian, 22(3):7-10, 40-43, Summer 1965. C565 §
An open letter to the Governing Board of Cochise College, Douglas, Ariz., from the librarian whose contract was not renewed after a controversy over the library's book selection policy. Corbett defends the freedom of the college library against extralegal censorship. The college newspaper was suspended, an art exhibit censored, and the student literary magazine, El Librito, condemned by the college administration. A sequel, reporting on the Arizona Civil Liberties Union investigation of the situation, is given in the Fall 1965 issue of Arizona Librarian.
[Corbo, John]. "Subjecting the Sale of Books to Prior Administrative Restraints with Extra-Legal Sanctions." New York Law Forum, 9:385-90, August 1963. C566
Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, 372 U.S. 58 (1963), relating to censorship activites of the Rhode Island Commission to Encourage Morality in Youth.
Corey, Herbert. "Radio Is Censored." Public Utilities Fortnightly, 23:588-96, 11 May 1939. C567
Radio newscasters lack the freedom of newspaper reporters because of broadcast licensing regulations.
-------. "Radio's Growing Pains--The FCC and Control in Public Interest." Nation's Business, 27: 17-19, 62-64, February 1939. C568
"Correspondence in Regard to the Censorship of Scientific Journals." Science, 96:216-21, 4 September 1942. C569
An exchange of letters between J. McKeen Cattell, editor of Science, and Colonel W. Preston Corderman, chief postal censor, relating to the demand of the censor that certain items dealing with recent medical discoveries be deleted from copies of Science mailed overseas on the ground that the information might promote health or limit disease among the people of the countries with which we are at war. Cattell charges that such action is a betrayal of the ethics of the medical profession and contrary to the spirit of a democracy at war. He notes that in World War I the Surgeon General ruled that "we should not consider for a moment holding back a life-saving discovery on the ground that the enemy could also make use of it."
Corry, J. A. "Free Trade in Ideas." Queen's Quarterly, 56(1):1-14, Spring 1949. C570
The author considers the controversy over allowing free inquiry and expression to "those who will not acknowledge a reciprocal obligation to defend them for others." He finds that "it is always a question of balancing the dangers of unrestricted expression against those which flow from suppression. At the present time, the hazards on both sides are greatly intensified because we live in an unsettled and dangerous world." He calls for frequent reassessment of risks and dangers.
Corwin, Edward S. "Bowing Out 'Clear and Present Danger.'" Notre Dame Lawyer, 27:325-59, Spring 1952. C571
-------. "Constitutional Law in 1919-1920. The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1919 . . . Freedom of Speech and the Press." American Political Science Review, 14:655-58, November 1920. C572
A summary of court decisions relating to enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917.
-------. "Freedom of Speech and Press under the First Amendment: A Résumé." Yale Law Journal, 30:48-55, 1920. (Also in Maggs, et al., eds., Selected Essays on Constitutional Law. Chicago, Foundation Press, 1938. vol. 2, pp. 1060-68) C573
A comparison of the Sedition Act of 1798 with the Espionage Act of 1917 and a consideration of the latter in the light of history and the intention of the Constitution. "The cause of freedom of speech and press is largely in the custody of legislative majorities and of juries, which, so far as there is evidence to show, is just where the framers of the constitution intended it to be."
Cory, John M. "Libraries and Censorship." ILA Record, 3:1-4, September 1949. C574 §
A summary of the recent incidents of book and magazine censorship in America and what librarians are doing to withstand local pressures and to adhere to the Library Bill of Rights. As alternatives to censorship, Cory recommends the "counter-attack" with good literature and the "immunization" technique which involves providing a normal healthy environment.
Coryell, John R. "Comstockery." Mother Earth, 1:30-40, March 1906. (Excerpts in Schroeder, Free Press Anthology, pp.178-80) C575
The writer of the Nick Carter detective stories attacks Comstock and the vice societies. Includes an account of the suppression of Hans Markart's Triumph of Charles V.
-------. "Indecency on the Stage." Mother Earth, 4:24-28, March 1909. C576 §
A satire on sex censorship.
[Costa, Joseph]. Canon 35: Matter Closed? Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1963. 16p. (Publication no. 97) C577 §
A report on the American Bar Association vote in the convention on 5 February 1963, to continue, with minor changes, its prohibition against photographs and broadcasting in the courtroom. The report includes the arguments of Joseph Costa, of the National Association of Press Photographers, to the American Bar Association, and the transcript of the proceedings leading to the decision.
-------. "Does Press Freedom Include Photography?" Nieman Reports, 6(4):3-7, October 1952. C578
The case against the barring, restricting, or interfering with cameramen, whose picture record is an essential part of the news.
-------. The Public's Image of the Press. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1959. 4p. (Publication no. 17) C579 §
The author discusses the lack of public confidence in the news media ("Therein lies the 'clear and present danger' to freedom of the press.") and what the media can do to regain it.
Costello, M. Joseph. "Ecclesiastical Traditions and Controversial Books." Catholic Educational Review, 61:176-88, March 1963. C580
Reviews the tradition and codes of the Catholic Church in dealing with Catholic literary criticism and its application in Catholic schools. Defends the Church's point of view against the claims in recent years of Catholic critics and educators on advantages to be gained in reading "controversial" literature.
Couch, W. T. "The Sainted Book Burners: Because of Undercover Censorship by Liberals, the Freedom to Read that Is Piously Championed by the American Library Association May Well Become the Freedom to Read Propaganda." Freeman, 5:423-26, April 1955. C581
Coughlin, William J. Conquered Press; the MacArthur Era in Japanese Journalism. Palo Alto, Calif., Pacific Books, 1952. 165 p. C582
A history of the handling of the Japanese press and American correspondents by the Supreme Command for the Allied Powers during the occupation of Japan after World War II. Chapter 4 deals specifically with censorship.
[Coulson, Frederick R.]. "Corrupting the Morals of Her Majesty's Subjects." University Magazine, 10:443-47, July 1898. C583
An account of the Bedborough Case, involving publication of Havelock Ellis' Studies in the Psychology of Sex. The article is signed with the pseudonym, Democritus.
-------. Darwin on Trial at the Old Bailey. By Democritus. London, The University Press, [1900?]. 39p. (Bound with George Astor Singer, Judicial Scandals and Errors, pp. 41-86 and Appendix, "The English Press and the Prosecution," pp. 87-107) C584 §
A mock trial before an imaginary London court for the prosecution of a bookseller charged with obscene libel for the sale of a book entitled Sexual Selection and Human Marriage. The burlesque is based on the Bedborough trial for the sale of Havelock Ellis' Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 1898.
Coulson, H. J. W. "Laws Relating to Blasphemy." Law Magazine and Law Review, 9:158-78, February 1884. C585
The prosecution of Mr. Bradlaugh and Messrs. Ramsey and Foote for blasphemous libel, and the severe sentences passed by Justice North on the two latter persons at their first trial, prompts the author to review the law and court decisions on blasphemy. He notes that the cases are old and the principles on which they were decided are "repugnant to modern ideas." He concludes, by quoting Henry T. Buckle, that "every man has an absolute and irrefragable right to treat any doctrine as he thinks proper; either to argue against it, or to ridicule it."
Coulton, G. G. The Death Penalty for Heresy from 1184 to 1921 A. D. London, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1924. 88p. (Medieval Studies, 2d ser., no. 18) C586
The author, a member of the faculty of St. John's College, Cambridge, traces the foundation of the idea of exterminating heretics, expressed in Canon law of the Catholic Church and carried out by popes and temporal rulers.
-------. "New Roman Index." Nineteenth Century, 107:378-90, March 1930. C587
A caustic criticism of the Roman Catholic Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
Council for Democracy. Censorship. New York, The Council, 1942. 46p. (Democracy in Action, no. 10) C588
A popular presentation of censorship problems in America, particularly with respect to wartime restrictions. Readers are advised to use native intelligence in interpreting news during the period of wartime censorship and to be on guard for any trend toward unreasonable and drastic censorship.
"Council Urges Title V Repeal." Publishers Weekly, 146:571-73, 19 August 1944. C589
Recommendations of the Council on Books in Wartime for repeal of Title V of the Soldiers Vote Act which bans the distribution of political books to service personnel. Includes the text of Senator Theodore F. Green's new bill to rescind the objectionable censorship provisions of Title V.
"Council's Appeal to Safeguard Rights of Correspondents." U.N. Bulletin, 11:264-65, 15 September 1951. C590
The Economic and Social Council of the U.N. voiced its "extreme concern" at governmental action that systematically excludes bona fide correspondents, imposes arbitrary personal restraints, and punishes them solely because of their attempts to perform their news-gathering and news-transmitting duties.
Counterattack. Red Channels. The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television. New York, Counterattack, 1950. 213p. C591
Alphabetical lists of prominent radio and television personalities and their alleged affiliations with "organizations espousing Communist causes." The same publisher issues a periodic newsletter entitled Counterattack which follows a similar line. Elizabeth Dilling's The Red Network, A Who's Who and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots (1934) was a forerunner of Red Channels. The Dilling book however, was not limited to the communications industry and was international in scope. Merle Miller reports on blacklisting in radio and television in his The Judges and the Judged.
"Court Order Prohibiting Photographing of Spectators on Streets and Sidewalks Surrounding Courthouse, Held Not to Be Abuse of Discretion of Court." DePaul Law Review, 10:151-56, Autumn-Winter 1960. C592
Atlanta Newspapers, Inc. v. Grimes, 216 Ga. 74, 114 S. E. 2d 421 (1960).
Courtney, James C. "Absurdities of the Law of Slander and Libel." American Law Review, 36:552-64, July 1902. C593
Courtney, Paul. "The Southern Parish Case." Commonweal, 55:191-93, 30 November 1951. Reply by F. J. Baechle, 55:594-95, 21 March 1952. C594
The story of the suppression of Father Joseph H. Fichter's Southern Parish: The Dynamics of a City Church, by a church reviewing committee. The book was a sociological study scheduled for publication in four volumes by the University of Chicago Press. Only one volume was published.
Cousins, Norman. "Censoritis." Saturday Review of Literature, 27(27):12, 1 July 1944. C595
An editoral comment on the rejection by the Council on Books in Wartime, of Catherine Drinker Bowen's Yankee from Olympus and Charles A. Beard's The Republic for Army and Navy use because they allegedly violate the Soldiers' Vote Act. In the 15 July issue Senator Robert Taft denies that the Act was ever intended to ban such books. In the 29 July issue Editor Cousins reports on a meeting between Senator Taft and Army officials, arranged by Saturday Review, to iron out difficulties in Title V of the Soldiers Vote Act.
-------. "Free Press and Free Enterprise." Saturday Review of Literature, 34(22):20-21, 2 June 1951. C596
A censorship controversy in India between the government and the press.
-------. "Group Libel." Saturday Review of Literature, 30(5):20, 1 February 1947. C597
The editor proposes a libel law to enable groups to protect themselves against untruthful and harmful speech or print. He asked for comments and received many. The general tide ran against the proposal. Some of the letters are printed in the 15 March issue. Among those generally favorable to the proposal were Bernard M. Baruch, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, and Justice Bernard L. Shientag. Among those opposed were Judge Learned Hand, Senator Elbert D. Thomas, and Representative Frank A. Mathews, Jr.
-------. "The N.Y. Post Office and the SRL." Saturday Review of Literature, 27(21):14-15, 20 May 1944. C598
In answer to a letter from the New York postmaster stating that any issue of the Saturday Review containing advertising of Strange Fruit would be unmailable, the editor notifies the postmaster of his intent to defy the ruling: "We not only protest your order; we refuse to follow it without due process of law." A response from the Post Office Department (it decided not to press the case) and letters to the editor in the matter appear in the issues for 3 June and 17 June.
-------. "Open the Books!" Saturday Review, 36(28):30-31, 11 July 1953. (Reprinted in Daniels, The Censorship of Books, pp. 116-19) C599 §
An editorial criticizing the American government suppression of controversial books in U.S. Information Libraries abroad. "We have the astonishing spectacle of the American Government placing a ban on books that are controversial as being synonymous with subversion." Through "our own hideous ineptness we have done damage to ourselves far beyond anything done against us by the Soviet propaganda machine."
-------. "What We Don't Know Can Kill Us." Saturday Review, 44(2):24, 14 January 1961. C600
Criticism of the lack of adequate news coverage of world events as indicated in the Laos conflict.
[Covington, Hayden C.]. Defending and Legally Establishing the Good News. Brooklyn, N.Y., Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1950. 96p. C601
The legal counsel for Jehovah's Witnesses has prepared these guides to advise members on their rights in preaching and distributing religious literature and to advise lawyers and city officials of the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech, press, and worship. The pamphlet cites numerous court cases, many of which involved the Witnesses.
[-------]. Freedom of Worship. Brooklyn, N.Y., Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, [1943]. 64p. C602
Cowen, D. V. Freedom of Thought and Its Expression in South Africa. Cape Town, National Union of South African Students, [1960?]. 30p. C603
An address on censorship and freedom of the press delivered by a professor of law, University of Cape Town. The occasion is the opposition to the Publications and Entertainment Bill which establishes "machinery for total control of thought by government" in South Africa.
Cowley, Malcolm. "Artists, Conscience, and Censors." Saturday Review, 45:8-10+, 7 July 1962. C604
There is a moral code of authors to turn out an honest work of literature. But art can be good or bad in its public effects and "censorship is one of the means by which society defends itself against enemies, external and internal, and by which it tries . . . to prevent social change." Cowley speaks of some of the dilemmas over censorship: welfare of the adult v. the child, freedom of presentation in the movies and television v. the press, and the right of expression in literary work v. expression in crude and tawdry form. Certain principles, however, are generally agreed upon: no prior censorship, no secret or private censorship, and action against the work and not the author. The battle between free expression and restraint is never ended. All we can hope for is "that the battle be conducted according to rules."
-------. "Gammon for Dinner." Interim, 14:21-24,1954. C605
The writer describes the unsuccessful campaign against him as a visiting professor at the University of Washington, Seattle, first on the basis of his political associations and later on charges that his poetry was immoral.
-------. "There Have to Be Censors." New Republic, 94:364-65, 27 April 1938. C606
The author finds arguments for and against political censorship of works of art both substantially unassailable. "The censors are right in attacking books and pictures which they regard as immoral or subversive. The artists are right in counterattacking the censor and in fighting not only to save but to widen their own freedom of expression. There is no final decision to be reached, but there is a temporary stability to be achieved as the result of struggle."
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