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"Censorship Issues and Legal Cases." Publishers' Weekly, 181:68-71, 15 January 1962. C203
A review of censorship cases and court decisions during 1961.
"The Censorship: Its History and Purposes." Common Sense (London), 3:54, 28 July 1917; 3:68, 4 August 1917; 3:83, 11 August 1917; 3:116, 25 August 1917; 3:134, 1 September 1917; 3:183, 22 September 1917; 3:198, 29 September 1917; 3:230, 13 October 1917; 3:344, 22 December 1917. C204
In nine installments the author reports on censorship in Great Britain during World War I--early laws and regulations, the operation of censorship under the three Defence of the Realm Acts, the work of the British Press Bureau, the widespread criticism of this agency, and efforts to modify the agency's powers and directives.
"Censorship--Morality Commission's Action in Compiling Lists of 'Obscene' Paperback Books and Threatening to Recommend Prosecution of Distributors Held Not to Infringe Constitutional Guarantee of Free Speech." University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 110:1162-65, June 1962. C205
Review of the case Bantam Books, Inc. v. Sullivan, 176 A. 2d 393 (R.I. 1961), with the conclusion: "By requiring a strict cause-and-effect relationship between censorship and financial injury, the present case permits a state to do by indirection what it may not do directly; the very effectiveness of the methods employed leads to the conclusion that the absence of appropriate safeguards rendered the Commission's actions inimical to the first and fourteenth amendments."
"The Censorship Muddle." Nation, 104:648-49, 31 May 1917. C206
Editorial criticism of the Committee on Public Information rules for the guidance of newspapers. Along with the rules, the Committee lists subjects which it considers "dangerous" and "of service to the enemy" and therefore not to be discussed in the press.
"Censorship of Motion Pictures." Yale Law Journal, 49:87-113, November 1939. C207
"It is the contention of this comment that legal censorship by previous restraint is an impediment to full development of the cinema and that the maturity of the industry now renders this form of control unnecessary." A documented study of motion picture censorship, a confused pattern of voluntary and compulsory restrictions, exercised at all levels. The author recommends that motion pictures be brought under the protection of the First Amendment.
"Censorship of Moving Picture Films As an Interference with the Freedom of the Press." Virginia Law Review, 2:216-18, December 1914. C208 §
Regarding Mutual Film Co. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio.
"Censorship of Newspapers." Museum of Foreign Literature and Sciences, (Philadelphia), 16:94-95, January 1830. C209
Brief comments on censorship of newspapers in Madras, India, and reports on the printing of the 20 March 1829 issue of the Modern Courier with white spaces to represent censored portions.
"Censorship of Obscene Literature by Informal Governmental Action." University of Chicago Law Review, 22:216-33, Autumn 1954. C210
The author considers the less formal action taken by government to avoid giving undue publicity to an obscene work and "to avoid the practical difficulties on one hand and the constitutional difficulties of prior restraint on the other." He discusses the problems raised when local police attempt to prevent distribution of objectionable literature by informal methods. Numerous examples of local police action are cited.
"A Censorship of Opinion." Literary Digest, 54:1767-68, 9 June 1917. C211
Newspaper comments on George Creel's recently published Regulations for the Periodical Press of the United States during the War.
"Censorship of Plays." Quarterly Review, 213:352-76, October 1910. C212
Extensive comment on the report from the Joint Committee of the House of Lords and the Commons on the Stage Plays (Censorship) of 1909 and the 1907 protest of British authors against stage censorship by the Lord Chamberlain. The author agrees with the report of the Select Committee, that "more facts, a more complete basis for calculation, are necessary before it can be decided whether or not it would be safe to give it [drama] complete freedom." He examines the various alternative proposals for replacing the nearly two hundred years of "thraldom of drama."
"Censorship of Telegrams Transmitted by Cable and Wireless." American Journal of International Law, 9:270-313, July 1915. C213
Treats of the interference with official correspondence between the United States and belligerent powers.
"The Censorship of the Drama." Spectator, 135:189-90, 1 August 1925. C214
A committee of churchmen, not satisfied with present drama censorship of the Lord Chamberlain, will demand that censorship be taken out of his hands and given to the London County Council. The writer, supporting the "aristocratic principle," favors retaining the Lord Chamberlain as censor but agrees with the 1909 Joint Committee recommendation that the theater manager be given an option--either submit for prior review or take the risk of a forced closing.
"The Censorship of the Drama; Mr. G. B. Shaw, Sir J. Forbes-Robertson, Miss Rose Macaulay, Mr. Basil Dean, Mr. Noel Coward & others State Their Views." Spectator, 135:261-62, 15 August 1925. C215
A sampling of answers to the question as to whether stricter censorship is needed for the stage. There was no consensus, but a majority wanted to abolish censorship entirely. Those who did want to retain it preferred the Lord Chamberlain as censor to the London County Council.
"Censorship of the Mind." Spectator, 141:258-59, 1 September 1928. C216
Concerns censorship of Well of Loneliness. The author believes the censor acted wisely in asking the publisher (Cape) to withdraw the book, and the publisher is to be congratulated for complying.
"Censorship of the Press." Nation, 105:361-62, 4 October 1917. C217
An editorial criticizing an amendment to the Trading with the Enemy Act, which makes it unlawful to transport any foreign language material made unlawful by the Espionage Act. This denies a publisher, whose case may be pending in court for a violation of the Espionage Act, the right to distribute his material in any way whatever before it is decided judicially that he has violated any law.
["Censorship of the Stage"]. Blackwood's Magazine, 186:852-56, December 1909. C218
The article approves retention of stage censorship by the Lord Chamberlain as recommended in the report of the Parliamentary Committee, but disagrees with the recommendation that it should be legal "to perform an unlicensed play whether it has been submitted or not," but at the risk of prosecution. Such a "double system" is an unhappy compromise--retention of censorship to please the managers who want security, and setting it aside to please the playwrights who want freedom.
"Censorship, of Which the Less the Better . . ." Fortune, 23:88, 153-61, June 1941. (Reprinted in Summers, Wartime Censorship, pp. 19-28) C219 §
The article concerns the problems of wartime censorship and includes a statement of censorship policy which Fortune believes to be in the best interests of the nation. It concludes that "the deepest duty of a democratic press in wartime is to remain aggressively free, critical, and informative."
"Censorship on the Campus; Report." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 18:46-48, November 1962. C220
A report of the New York County Lawyers' Association Committee on Civil Rights cites numerous cases of refusal of campus administrators to allow speakers who had been scheduled. "The standard which should be applied in both public and private institutions is this: any written idea or discussion or speaker should be permitted full exposure on the campus, so long as the basic purpose of the exposure is not to violate the law. Anything short of this, we think, is inimical to a free society."
"Censorship or Not." Literary Digest, 77:27-29+, 23 June 1923. C221
A number of leaders in literature, drama, and religion were asked to jot down their views on the subject of censorship, whether there should be more, less, or none at all. The article quotes from replies by Irving S. Cobb, H. L. Mencken, George Ade, Sherwood Anderson, Owen Johnson, George Barr McCutcheon, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Brander Matthews, Bliss Perry, Henry S. Canby, James Harvey Robinson, and Heywood Broun. Clergy represented include Thomas Nicholson, William Burt, William F. Anderson, S. Parkes Cadman, William Houston, William I. Haven, and Bob Jones.
"Censorship--Private Brand." Business Week, 1160:130-31, 24 November 1951. C222
"New TV code and movie incidents spotlight rise in censorship by private groups. Telecasters would set up sweeping standards to cover almost all aspects of programming . . . The rise of private control--censorship by the entertainment industry itself and by racial, political, and religious groups . . . By taking matters into their own hands, the telecasters hope to quiet both the public and Congress."
"Censorship Rules Affect Industry." Modern Industry, 3:80-81, 15 April 1942. (Reprinted in Summers, Wartime Censorship, pp. 142-44) C223 §
A discussion of the difficulties that industry faces in getting statistics and other information needed in the course of doing business because of wartime censorship.
"The Censorship Scandal." English Review, 10:725-27, March 1912. (Signed "S.O." ) C224 §
Attack on the office of stage censorship for its ban of two plays--Israel Zangwill's The Next Religion and Eden Phillpotts' The Secret Woman. While allowing inanities in drama, the office of the Lord Chamberlain vetoes serious plays. The author calls for the organization of an actor's union to defend their lawful right of expression and to press for censorship reform in Parliament.
Censorship Scoreboard. Chicago. Censorship Scoreboard, Inc. Published monthly in 1959-63. C225
"Round-up of information about the fight against censorship and bigotry."
Censorship: Should Books be Banned? 1 hour teletape. Bloomington, Ind., National Educational Television and Radio Center, University of Indiana (distributor). Produced by WNDT, New York, 1963. (Court of Reason no. 3) C226
Morris L. Ernst, attorney, Anne Fremantle, novelist, Robert B. McKay, law professor, and Eric Larrabee, managing editor of Horizon, give variant views on the banning of books. The Court member is Robert K. Merton, Columbia University professor.
"Censorship under Three Flags." Living Age, 355:310-21, December 1938. C227
The first section is concerned with control of opinion in England by government interference, with particular reference to pressures brought to bear during "Crisis Week." The remainder of the article deals with censorship in Japan and Italy.
Censura contra las Artes y el Pensamiento. Paris, Patrocinado por el Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura, 1964-1966. Quarterly. (Also a French edition, Censure contre les Arts et la Pensée). Editors: J. Bloch-Michel, Ignacio Iglesias. C228 §
Issue 1, July-September 1964, carries articles on Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Columbia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, and the U.S.S.R. Issue 2, October-December 1964, reprints an article on pornography and censorship by Sidney Hook (New York Times Book Review, 4 December 1964), and reports on censorship in Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Spain, and Yugoslavia. Issue 3, January-March 1965, carries articles on Africa, Argentina, Australia, England, Switzerland, and Turkey. Issue 4, April-June 1965, carries articles on East Germany, South Africa, China, Spain, India, Mexico, U.S.S.R., Uruguay, and Yugoslavia.
"La Censure en Irlande." Journal des débats, 35(2):841, 23 November 1928. C229
A report of Irish attacks on modern fiction.
Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions. Broadcasting and Government Regulation in a Free Society. New York, The Fund for the Republic, 1959. 39p. (Occasional Paper) C230
A transcript of two panel discussions dealing with the administration of regulatory responsibilities of the Federal Communications Commission. The panel considers such questions as: How much regulation should there be? How is the public interest defined? How is it maintained? What is the balance between freedom and responsibility in a privately owned, federally-regulated broadcasting system? Participants are: Clifford J. Durr, James L. Fly, Eric F. Goldman, Robert M. Hutchins, Frank K. Kelly, Robert W. Horton, and Joseph P. Lyford (first panel); Rosel H. Hyde, Benedict P. Cottone, Raymond F. Kohn, Newton N. Minow, Herbert Alexander, Charles Clift, Eric F. Goldman, Frank K. Kelly, and Robert W. Horton (second panel).
-------. The First Amendment: Government of the Mind. Santa Barbara, Calif., The Center, 1964. Tape recordings, nos. 85-88. C231 §
Four discussions, each approximately one hour long, led by Joseph Tussman, University of California philosophy professor, who proposes that since government already assumes responsibility for protecting the physical health of citizens through such measures as the food and drug laws, that it also assume responsibility for protecting the moral and intellectual development of the mind. Most of the participants, including Professor Alexander Meiklejohn, dissent.
-------. The First Amendment: Libel and Slander. Santa Barbara, Calif., The Center, 1964. Tape recording, no. 89. C232 §
Harry Kalven, Jr., leads a discussion which "examines the legal reasoning that determines when the law may compromise the principle of free speech in order to protect the individual from injury, and when the law 'privileges' free speech, despite personal injury, in order not to infringe upon the right to speak."
Cerf, Bennett. "The Case of Ezra Pound." Saturday Review of Literature, 29(6):26-27, 9 February 1946; 29(11):32-36, 49-53, 16 March 1946. C233
An exchange of letters between Bennett Cerf and Lewis Gannett over the moral issues of omitting 12 poems by Ezra Pound from An Anthology of Famous English and American Poetry, an action taken by publisher Cerf over the objections of the editor. A wide variety of opinion on the controversy is seen in letters to the Trade Winds column appearing in the 16 March issue, including letters from Norman Rosten, Clyde Brion Davis, Harry L. Hopkins, Robert Hillyer, and Francis Hackett. Cerf concluded that future editions of the anthology would contain Pound's poems "because we concede that it may be wrong to confuse Pound the poet and Pound the man."
-------. ["Post-Office Censorship of Esquire"]. Saturday Review of Literature, 27(6):20-21, 5 February 1944. C234
In his Trade Winds column Cerf describes the "nonsensical farandoles" in the action of Postmaster General Frank Walker's banning of Esquire from the mails.
Cestre, Charles. John Thelwall, a Pioneer of Democracy and Social Reform in England during the French Revolution. London, Sonnenshein, 1906. 204p. C235
In 1820 a group of London citizens formed a Constitutional Association for Opposing the Progress of Disloyal and Seditious Principles. Its purpose was to see that those who disseminated seditious literature, including criticism of men in public affairs, were brought to trial. One of the first victims of the Association was John Thelwall, publisher of the weekly Champion and friend of Horne Tooke. Thelwall was arrested along with a number of other printers and charged with seditious libel. After long delays he was acquitted and the Association came in for considerable public criticism for its persecutions. Thelwall had earlier (1794) survived, along with Tooke, Hardy, and others, the treason trials of the "English Jacobins."
Chafee, Zechariah, Jr. The Blessings of Liberty. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1956. 350p. C236 §
A book of reminiscences from a retired member of the Harvard Law School faculty and a foremost champion of civil liberties. Chapter 3 consists of a 40-year survey of freedom of speech and press, beginning with the events of World War I. In Chapter 4, Chafee answers the question, "Does freedom of speech really tend to produce truth?" In Chapter 11, he discusses his work with the United Nations in advocating world-wide freedom of speech and press.
-------. Censorship in Boston . . . as Told by Prof. Zechariah Chafee . . . Boston, Civil Liberties Committee of Massachusetts, 1930. 24p. C237
Discussion of the recent epidemic of book banning in Boston, the result of the combined efforts of the Watch and Ward Society, the District Attorney, and compliant booksellers. Books are being withdrawn largely on threat or fear of threat. Theater censorship is less active against serious works, but not burlesque. Threat of revocation of theater license is the means of control.
-------. "Censorship of Plays and Books." Bill of Rights Review, 1:16-23, Summer 1940. C238
Where and how is a line to be drawn between decency and indecency in literature? Who shall draw the line? Should it be drawn before or after the act? What are the consequences of an unfavorable decision on the persons concerned? Chafee believes the decision should be made by citizens through qualified juries. The practical problem is how to lessen the risk of the producer and publisher who want to know the legal status before going ahead with a work.
-------. "A Contemporary State Trial--the United States v. Jacob Abrams, et al." Harvard Law Review, 33:747-74, April 1920. C239
An analysis and criticism of the famous sedition case of World War I in which Abrams and four other pamphleteers were given extended prison sentences, a decision confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court. Justice Holmes, in his dissenting decision, said: "In this case sentences of twenty years imprisonment have been imposed for the publishing of two leaflets that I believe the defendants had as much right to publish as the Government has to publish the Constitution of the United States now vainly invoked by them." For this article Professor Chafee was widely criticized; a Harvard University committee, appointed to investigate the matter, vindicated him. Comments on the investigation appear in Harvard Law Review, November 1921.
-------. "Danger of Repression." Bulletin, League of Free Nations Association, 1:2-3, 5 March 1920. C240
Professor Chafee pleads for more freedom of speech.
-------. "Ezra Hervey Heywood." In Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 8; pp. 609-10. C241
A biographical sketch of the Massachusetts crusader for free expression in the matter of sex education who spent many months in jail as the result of the counter-crusade of Anthony Comstock.
-------. Free Speech in the United States. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1942. 634p. (A revision of his Freedom of Speech, published in 1920) C242
A basic reference book on the subject, written by a leading advocate of civil liberties who was a longtime member of the faculty of Harvard Law School. Professor Chafee traces the history of freedom of speech and the press from the prosecutions of World War I to the events on the eve of World War II, giving full documentation of cases. There are also sections on the history of the sedition law, and methods of controlling discussion in peacetime. The appendix contains a list of federal and state laws affecting freedom of speech and the press.
-------. "Freedom of Speech." New Republic, 17:66-69, 16 November 1918. C243
An attack on political prosecutions under the wartime Espionage Act as a violation of the First Amendment and a break with the great tradition of freedom in English and American law.
-------. Freedom of Speech. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1920. 431p. C244
Although partly superseded by the author's later study, Free Speech in the United States, this work is still valuable as a documented account of free speech prosecutions during World War I, written during and immediately after the events.
-------. Freedom of Speech and Press. New York, Carrie Chapman Catt Memorial Fund, 1955. 59p. (Freedom Agenda Pamphlet no. 11) C245
"This pamphlet is one of a series prepared under the auspices of the Freedom Agenda Committee for the assistance of local Freedom Agenda Projects in their study of individual liberty. It is intended to present the reader with an accurate picture of the long struggle for freedom of expression from the ancient world to our own time, in such a manner as to make clear the profound advantages of free speech and a free press for our American system of individual liberty."
-------. "Freedom of Speech and States Rights." New Republic, 25:259-62, 26 January 1921. C246
Eleven states and territories considered the severe federal Espionage Act of World War I an insufficient protection against seditious pamphlets and oratory and supplemented it by more drastic local legislation. Chafee deals largely with the Montana and Minnesota Sedition Acts, which imposed a maximum of 20 years on violators.
-------. "Freedom of Speech as I See It Today." Journalism Quarterly, 18:158-63, June 1941. C247 §
In a paper read on the Boston University Founders' Day program, Chafee declared that it is not enough to insure that a speaker will not be interfered with, but we must provide a means by which free discussion can be carried on. Action against extremists may serve as a threat to others; it may serve to drive ideas underground. Open controversy should be an accepted part of life in a community.
-------. "Freedom of Speech in War Time." Harvard Law Review, 32:932-73, June 1919. (Reprinted in Association of American Law Schools, Selected Essays on Constitutional Law. Chicago, 1938, vol. 2, pp. 1024-59, and as Senate Document 95, 66th Congress, 1st Session; also in Dunster House Papers, no. 1, Dunster House Bookshop, Cambridge, Mass.) C248
"Never in the history of our country, since the Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798, has the meaning of free speech been the subject of sharp controversy as today." Portions of the article were incorporated in the first chapter of Chafee's Freedom of Speech.
-------. Government and Mass Communications. A Report from the Commission on Freedom of the Press. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1947. 2 vols. C249
Chafee deals with government efforts to suppress discussion through libel laws, control of obscenity in the mails and in the customs service, laws against treason, sedition, and contempt of court. He discusses the affirmative activities of government in encouraging dissemination of news and ideas. Unlike Morris Ernst (The First Freedom) he recommends "watchful waiting" in matters of legal restraint and enforcing of anti-trust laws, believing that a more satisfactory solution to bad journalism lies in development of discriminate readers.
-------. "The Great Liberty: Freedom of Speech and Press." In Kelly, Alfred H., ed., Foundations of Freedom in the American Constitution. New York, Harper, 1958, pp. 52-87. C250
-------. The Inquiring Mind. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1928. 276p. C251
Collection of essays on liberty and free speech. Includes a review of important court decisions and a chapter on the Bimba blasphemy case.
-------. "Investigations of Radicalism and Laws against Subversion." In Civil Liberties under Attack, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951, pp. 46-84. C252
-------. "Legal Problems of Freedom of Information in the United Nations." Law and Contemporary Problems, 14:545-83, October 1949. C253
An American delegate on the UNESCO Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information explains the relation to the American Constitution of the article on freedom of expression in the UN Covenant of Human Rights.
-------. "Milwaukee Leader Case." Nation, 112:428-29, 23 March 1921. C254
Criticism of the unrestricted power of postal censorship and the lack of judicial qualifications of postal censors as revealed by this wartime espionage case.
-------. "An Outsider Looks at the Press." Nieman Reports, 7(1):5-7, January 1953. C255
There are two startling paradoxes about the American press: It is the only large, wealthy, and powerful business in the country subject to very little legal accountability; newspapers are both educational agencies and moneymaking enterprises. Chafee considers three topics raised by the Commission on Freedom of the Press: the truthful and intelligent reporting of the news, the proposal of a system of correction and retraction of errors to replace the present unsatisfactory libel suits, and the lack of adequate press competition in many cities. He believes the press is in greater danger than it has been since Jeffersonian newspapers were suppressed by the Sedition Act of 1798.
-------. "Possible New Remedies for Errors in the Press." Harvard Law Review, 60:1-43, November 1946. C256
The article comprises two sections of the author's book, Government and Mass Communications. It discusses the wisdom of a possible criminal statute punishing inaccuracies, and the feasibility of compulsory correction of errors in the press. The chief cure for falsehoods in the press should be sought outside the realm of law, in the responsible standards of a community's press.
-------. "The Press Under Pressure." Nieman Reports, 1(2):19-21, April 1948. C257
Freedom from something is not enough. It should also be freedom for something. Chafee discusses the criticisms of the American press made by two groups--the Commission on Freedom of the Press and the foreign representatives of the UN--and the lessons that can be learned from both.
-------. "Sedition." In Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 13, pp. 636-39. C258
-------. "Tariff Bill's Prohibition of Revolutionary Literature." School and Society, 30:407-8, 21 September 1929. C259
Statement from Professor Chafee in opposition to the amendment to the 1843 customs law prohibiting importation of obscene literature. "This law is a kindergarten measure which assumes that the American people are so stupid and untrustworthy that it is unsafe to let them read anything about revolutions because they would immediately be converted." The editor observes that such a law in Great Britain would prevent the importation of the Declaration of Independence.
-------. Thirty-five Years with Freedom of Speech. New York, Roger N. Baldwin Civil Liberties Foundation, 1952. 40p. (Presented as a lecture at Columbia University, 12 March 1952) C260
Chafee reviews the 35-year span of his career as law professor and as observer, participant, and reporter in freedom of speech cases. He deals with the criminal syndicalist period (1917-20), the period of growth (1920-30), the period of achievement (1930-45), and the renewed struggle and subtle suppression since 1945. Talking and writing about freedom of speech and press, he concludes, helps to preserve it.
Chalker, Thomas P. "'Book Burning' in Alabama." Christian Century, 69:1169, 8 October 1952. C261
A letter to the editor tells of attempts to ban a high school history text, The Challenge of Democracy by Blaich and Baumgartner, from the Birmingham schools because it contained a passage objected to as un-American by the real estate board.
Challman, Jean C. "Adults Si, Children No." Library Journal, 89:807-9, 15 February 1964. C262
The confessions and conclusions of a librarian who is against censorship but in favor of control. She pleads for "a kind of national facing up to the problem" of dealing with various age groups in a public library, and "a serious consideration of the differences between children--even those bibliophilic drunks of children all libraries know--and adults." She suggests that librarians and book publishers explore the British film category scheme as it might be applied to children's books.
Chalmeley, R. F. "Bad Books." Library, 5 (2d ser.):225-38, July 1904. C263
A whimsical essay on the changing tastes in reading and the compilation of a list of bad books. A list of the "hundred worst books," the author suggests, could almost be compiled from the same catalog as those of the "hundred best books."
Chamberlain, Edward W. "In the Midst of Wolves." Arena, 10:835-37, November 1894. C264
Deals with obscenity cases against Moses Harman and Lois Waisbrooker.
[-------]. United States v. Heywood. Why the Defendant Should Be Released. Mr. Chamberlain's Letter to Mr. Harrison. New York, National Defense Association, [1891?]. 21p. C265
A New York lawyer and one of the defense counsels in the Ezra H. Heywood case, urges President Benjamin Harrison to pardon Heywood, who was given a two-year sentence on an obscenity charge. The pamphlet includes the text of Judge Carpenter's charge to the jury, and an abstract of the petition for pardon submitted by Heywood's friends.
Chamberlain, William H. "Censorships I Have Known." Christian Science Monitor Magazine, 30 September 1939, p. 6. C266
A veteran foreign correspondent describes his experience with foreign press censorship.
Chambers, Sir Edmund K. Notes on the History of the Revels Office under the Tudors. London, Bullen, 1906. 80p. C267
The Revels Office was the licensing agency for the stage in Elizabethan England.
Chandhuri, J. "Law of Sedition in India." Juridical Review, 10:385-94, 1898. C268
Following a brief history of the press policy of the British government in India from the time of the East India Company to the date of publication, the author considers the recent amendment to the law of libel. It is "one of those periodic attempts on the part of the Government to put public opinion under executive control, on the same old apprehensions of political danger if discussion be freely allowed." A promised second installment to the article failed to appear.
Chandler, Peleg W., ed. American Criminal Trials. Boston, Little and Brown, 1841. 2 vols. C269
Volume 1 includes the trial of Thomas Maule for a slanderous and blasphemous publication (Salem, 1696), and the trial of John Peter Zenger for two libels on the government (New York, 1735).
Chandos, John, ed. " To Deprave and Corrupt . . ." Original Studies in the Nature and Definition of "Obscenity." New York, Association Press, 1962. 207p. C270
Ten original studies dealing with the problem of obscenity from the literary, legal, sociological, and moral points of view: John Chandos, My Brother's Keeper; William B. Lockhart and Robert C. McClure, Why Obscene?; Lord Birkett, The Changing Law; Norman St. John-Stevas, The Church and Censorship; Ernest Van den Haag, Quia Ineptum; Maurice Girodias, More Heat than Light; Walter Allen, The Writer and the Frontiers of Tolerance; Claire and W. M. S. Russell, The Natural History of Censorship; and John Chandos, Unicorns at Play. "The contributors have been chosen, not for the opinions they may have been believed to hold, but for their experience of one aspect or another of the cause and effect of censorship." Chandos, the editor, has written widely on literary and social history. Professors Lockhart and McClure of the University of Minnesota Law School collaborated in a comprehensive study of literature and the law of obscenity in the United States; Lord Birkett steered the Obscene Publications Bill (1959) through the House of Lords in Great Britain; St. John-Stevas was legal advisor for the Committee which drafted the bills and is author of Obscenity and the Law; Professor Van den Haag is a New York psychoanalyst; the Russells are behavioral scientists; Maurice Girodias is managing director of the Olympia Press of Paris which has issued English editions of many works liable for seizure in England and the United States (he advocates total abolition of censorship); and Walter Allen is formerly literary editor of the New Statesman and a member of the A. P. Herbert Committee that drafted the Obscene Publications Bill.
Chandra, Ram. "Press Censorship in India." Mother Earth, 12:89-92, May 1917. C271 §
The suppression of 400 periodicals for sedition under wartime censorship.
Chapman, Leland L. "The Power of the Federal Radio Commission to Regulate or Censor Radio Broadcasts." George Washington Law Review, 1:380-85, March 1933. C272
An analysis of court decisions (Dr. Brinkley and Rev. Shuler cases) involving license renewal and "free speech that is in the public interest."
Chapmann, H. S. "Mr. Spring Rice and the Tax on Knowledge, with a postscript on the French King and the Press." In Roebuck, John A., ed. The Evils of a House of Lords . . . London, T. Falconer, 1836. C273 §
-------. "State of the Newspaper Stamp Question." In Roebuck, John A., ed. The King's Speech . . . London, Charles Ely, [1835?]. C274
"Charles H. Keating Jr., National Co-chairman of Citizens for Decent Literature." In The Smut Hunters. Los Angeles, All America Distributors Corp., 1964. 4p. C275
Some insight into the man and supplemental information on the Visalia, Calif., obscenity trial in which Keating testified for the prosecution.
Charnley, Mitchell V. "Should Courtroom Proceedings Be Broadcast?" Federal Communications Bar Journal, 11:64-72, Summer 1950. C276
Chartener, William H. Censorship of Motion Pictures. Washington, D.C., Editorial Research Reports, 1950. (Editorial Research Reports, 1:257-74, 1950) C277
Public concern over morals of the movies, private pressures and public censorship (self-regulation, Legion of Decency, state and municipal boards), free speech v. censorship of films.
Charters, Zelda S. "The Call Raid: a Study in Mob Psychology." New York Call, 12 May 1919, pp. 2, 7. C278
An account of the May Day mobbing of the publication office of the New York Call.
Chase, Harry W. "Academic Freedom and Freedom of the Press." Vital Speeches, 7:286-87, 15 February 1941. C279
The chancellor of New York University, addressing the American College Publicity Association, states that the ultimate test of a free press is the use made of liberty. The freedom to criticize is not enough; we must have also the freedom to be constructive. We are passing out of a period of negativism into a period of affirmation.
Chase, J. Frank. "Cleaning Up the Magazines. Light, 28:5-11, May-June 1925. C280
Chase describes the cooperation in Boston between the police and the Watch and Ward Society, carried on through the Massachusetts Magazine Committee. He cites, as an example, the case of Snappy Stories and the conviction of the circulation manager by a Massachusetts court. The article includes a melodramatic address by District Attorney Thomas C. O'Brien.
-------. "The New Puritanism." Harvard Advocate, 112:9-16, May 1926. C281
An address by the secretary of the New England Watch and Ward Society before the Student Liberal Club of Harvard. Chase describes the work of the Society in enforcing the law against indecent literature as "the American System of Censorship." He decries the influence upon the U.S. Post Office Department of liberal decisions by Tammany judges in obscenity cases. He praises the work of certain Harvard professors who applied their brains "to the public service of reading and deciding as experts what is obscene in certain modern novels." He also praises the "highminded" booksellers and their association for appointing a Booksellers' Committee. "When a bad book appears, if it is convictable, the Booksellers' Committee itself notifies the trade throughout the State, and quietly it is immediately withdrawn. If it is sold thereafter, the law is applied by law enforcement agencies. Many books have thus been suppressed."
-------. "Next Step in Fight against Morbid Magazines." Light, 28:11-15, September-October 1925. C282
Chase proposed that the U.S. Bureau of Standards establish a Department of Literary Standards, staffed by psychologists and sociologists who would measure the amount of smut in a given work of literature. Chase also developed an "obscenity cycle" theory similar to a "panic of economy" that ought to be controlled by government action.
-------. "Preventive Criticism and Endocrinic Literature." Light, 27:34-38, May-June 1924. C283
In an address before the Massachusetts Librarians' Club, the secretary of the Watch and Ward Society describes the operation of the "gentlemen's agreement" among Boston booksellers which prevents objectionable books from being sold. "If a bookseller disagrees with his committees he is at liberty to sell and take the risks which are swift and stern. Such a man might have fine courage, but we could not think much of his judgment." Chase also condemns the libidinous sex hygiene books and speaks of the work of the Boston Advisory Committee on Sex Publications. He prefers the term "criticism" (from the Greek) to "censorship" (from the Latin) because of the unfavorable connotation of the latter. He coins the term "endocrinic literature" for those books that stir the "animal lusts."
-------. "Report of Department of Contributory Vices." Light, 17:50-55, March-April 1914. C284
Chase describes the unwholesome "problem novels" and works treating with sex that are flooding the country.
[Chase, Samuel]. Report of The Trial of Hon. Samuel Chase, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Impeached by the House of Representatives for High Crimes and Misdemeanors, before the Senate of the United States. Baltimore, 1805. (Also in Annals of Congress, 8th Cong., 2d sess., 1804-5, pp. 80-675+) C285
Justice Chase's impeachment grew out of his conduct of the Callender sedition trials (he had also presided at the trial of Thomas Cooper), in which he was alleged to have shown partiality against the Jeffersonians. Chase was acquitted by the Senate.
Chase, Stuart. Democracy Under Pressure. New York, Twentieth Century Fund, 1945. 142p. C286
A study of the effects of pressure groups on the making of government policy and the carrying out of executive directives. In modern society the activity and influence of pressure groups tend to cancel each other and are not the evil that they once were. Free discussion of issues through the media of mass communication is the most effective antidote to pressures in a democracy.
Chase, William S. The Case for the Federal Supervision of Motion Pictures. Washington, D.C., International Reform Federation, 1927. 36p. C287
Canon Chase was president of the New York Civic League.
-------. Catechism on Motion Pictures in Interstate Commerce: Shall This Interstate Business, Dangerous to Morals and to Politics, Be Nationally Controlled, a Trust Prevented, a Demoralized Business Be Reorganized, and an Attack upon Free Government Be Thwarted? 3d ed. Albany, N.Y., New York Civic League, 1922. 159p. C288
Canon Chase answered in the affirmative.
-------. "The Motion Picture Situation." Light, 165:17-27, July-August 1925. C289
A review of industry efforts to control the immorality of the movies, the various city censorship boards, and legislation before Congress. The author urges passage of the Upshaw bill (H.R. 6821) presently before Congress, which would place motion pictures under federal control.
[-------, and John S. Sumner]. "The Arguments for Stage Censorship." Review of Reviews, 75:403-4, April 1927. C290
Canon Chase, representing the New York Civic League, calls for stage censorship by state law, with administrative enforcement officers from whose decisions appeals may be made to the courts. John S. Sumner, representing the New York Society for Suppression of Vice, supports the measure pending in the New York legislature to place the stage under the same control as exists in the state for motion pictures.
"Chatter Checked." Newsweek, 21:92-94, 22 February 1943. C291
The blue-penciling of portions of the news script of Walter Winchell and Drew Pearson by the Blue Network.
Chauncy, Charles. The only Compulsion proper to be made Use of in the Affairs of Conscience and Religion. A Sermon . . . Boston, J. Draper and J. Edwards, 1739. 26p. C292
A liberal Boston minister pleads for liberty of expression in matters of religion; but licentiousness is not to be tolerated. "And as it is no Argument, that men ought not to eat or drink, because they may be intemperate, so neither is it an Argument, that they mayn't have the Use of Liberty, because they be licentious. The Abuse of any thing is no argument against its Use."
Checkley, John. The Speech of Mr. John Checkley, upon His Tryal at Boston in New-England for Publishing The Short and Easy Method with the Deists: To Which Is Added, A Discourse Concerning Episcopacy; In Defence of Christianity, and the Church of England against the Deists and Dissenters. To Which is Added the Jury's Verdict; His Plea in Arrest of Judgment and the Sentence of the Court. 2d ed. London, J. Applebee, 1738. 40p. (Reprinted in Slafter, John Checkley, vol. 2, pp. 1-37) C293 §
In 1724 John Checkley, an advocate of Episcopacy, came to Boston with a stock of his book, A Short and Easy Method with Deists, which he had been forbidden to print in Massachusetts 5 years before. The Council ordered the attorney general to prosecute the author. Checkley was brought to trial, convicted, and fined £ 50. An appeal to Superior Court resulted in a second conviction. The trial is of interest because the jury brought in a special verdict to the effect that if the book was libelous Checkley was guilty; if it was not libelous, he was not guilty. This followed the English practice of leaving up to the judge the question of the criminality of the alleged libel. Checkley's lawyer, John Read, made an eloquent plea for acquittal based on the duty of the jury to decide whether or not the work was libelous, a principle not recognized in English law until the passage of the Fox Libel Act of 1792.
[Cheetham, James]. A Narrative of the Suppression by Col. Burr, of the History of the Administration of John Adams . . . Written by John Wood . . . 2d ed. New York, Denniston and Cheetham, 1802. 72p. C294
Cheetham, who identifies himself only as "A Citizen of New York," reveals the story back of the suppression of John Wood's history of the Adams administration. Aaron Burr and his friends threatened the publishers with a libel suit, according to Cheetham, and asked Wood to arrange for the suppression of the entire edition. After a long controversy the publishers surrendered the 1,250 copies to Van Ness, an agent of Burr, on receipt of $1,000. Wood wrote his own explanation of the censorship episode in A Correct Statement . . .
[-------]. Speech of Counsellor Sampson, on the Trial of James Cheetham, for Libelling Madame Bonneville, in his Life of Thomas Paine; with a Short Sketch of the Trial. New York, Charles Holt, 1810. 27p. C295
Cheetham had implied that Paine had a son by Madame Bonneville whom he had seduced. For this statement Cheetham was convicted of libel and fined $150. The speech is reprinted from issues of the Columbian.
[-------]. The Trial of the Hon. Maturin Livingston, against James Cheetham, for a Libel . . . on the Twenty-Eighth of Nov., 1807. Before the Hon. Judge Spencer. New York, S. Gould, 1807. 63p. C296
Cheetham was accused of libeling Livingston by charging in the Republican Watch Tower, 14 September 1805, that the latter cheated at cards. The defendant was found guilty and fined $1,000.
Chenery, William. Freedom of the Press. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1955. 256p. C297
An account of the concept of freedom in the Western world, with emphasis on the great turning points in the struggle for a free press. The author is a veteran journalist who draws upon a half century of personal experience.
Chennell, Frank E. "Few Words on the Censor in the Library." Library World, 2:316-18, June 1900. C298
The author rejects the notion held by some librarians and expressed by Sir Anthony Absolute that "a circulating library in a town is an evergreen tree of diabolical knowledge," and that, in censorsing, the librarian is doing a little judicious pruning.
Chervin, Harriet T. "Birth Control Propaganda in Oregon." Mother Earth, 11:641-43, October 1916. C299 §
An account of the conviction of Carl Rave for obscenity in selling birth control information.
Cheshire, Herbert, and Maxine Cheshire. "The Menace in Your Letterbox." American Mercury, 87:137-42, August 1958. C300
"Mail order filth may destroy your child." The article is concerned with pornography being mailed to children and teenagers.
Cheslau, Irving G. John Peter Zenger and "The New-York Weekly Journal"; A Historical Study. New York, [Zenger Memorial Fund, 1952?]. 32p. C301
An account of John Peter Zenger, his newspaper, and the historic trial of 1735, "in which the defense made an eloquent plea for freedom of the press and anticipated the modern laws of libel by three-quarters of a century." The Zenger case, Cheslau notes, although a milestone in American freedom, did not establish a legal precedent and "did not sweep out the rigors of the common law" of libel.
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl. The E-- of C--f--d's Speech in the H[ou]se of L[or]ds against the bill for licensing all dramatic performances. To which are prefixed, Some loose Thoughts that were found in a closet of a Gentleman lately deceased. Dublin, 1749. 10p. (Also in A New Miscellany for the Year 1737, pp. 17-21, and in the appendix to Fowell and Palmer, Censorship in England) C302
Lord Chesterfield vigorously championed the freedom of the stage in opposition to the Theatres Act of 1737 in a speech in the House of Lords, but to little avail.
Chesterton, G. K. "About the Censor." In his As I Was Saying; a Book of Essays. New York, Dodd, Mead, 1936, pp. 31-36. C303
"There were some who seemed to hold that any artistic experiment, however anarchical or abnormal, or manifestly and even medically insane, had a mysterious right of its own to override any social custom or convenience, any common-sense or ordinary civic dignity . . . Even the worst play must take precedence of the best law . . . Anyhow, the theory of the thing seemed to be that supreme spiritual authority in this world belongs to art . . . I was never able to accept this highly modern and credulous conception; because I am unable to imagine any human being accepting any authority that he has not originally reached by reason."
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