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[Cabell, James B.]. The Judging of Jurgen. Chicago, Bookfellows, 1920.13 p. (Reprinted from the New York Tribune) C1
The publishers of James Branch Cabell's Jurgen were brought to trial in the New York courts on an obscenity charge at the instigation of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. The case was dismissed in 1922 by a judge who recognized that the erotic symbols in the novel could be understood only by the sophisticated reader.
-------. Taboo; A Legend Retold from the Dirghic of Saevius Nicanor, with Prolegomena, Notes, and a Preliminary Memoir. New York, McBride, 1921. 40p. (Limited to 920 numbered copies) C2
The work purports to retell the legend of an early civilization in which all references in literary works to eating were considered indecent and subjected the work to banning. Cabell dedicates his satire with an introduction to John S. Sumner, agent of the New York vice society whose aid (action against Jurgen) "obtained for me overnight the hearing I had vainly sought for a long while."
Cairns, Huntington. "Freedom of Expression in Literature." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 200:76-94, November 1938. C3 §
The literary advisor to the U.S. Customs discusses the legal and extralegal control of literature and pictorial art, giving evidence of the thinking which led to censorship laws and court decisions. He points out the danger of intellectual distortion through censorship. "No matter how explicit its consideration, art never conflicts with the interests of national morality and is altogether beyond its provence." The article lists books acquitted by New York courts from 1920 to 1938.
Cairns, Robert B., James C. N. Paul, and Julius Wishner. "Sex Censorship: the Assumptions of Anti-Obscenity Laws and the Empirical Evidence." Minnesota Law Review, 46:1009-41, May 1962. C4 §
"In the following article, a lawyer and two behavioral scientists explore the consequences of exposure to obscenity. Their main purpose is to summarize the empirically demonstrated effects of psychosexual stimuli. In doing so, the authors examine and analyse the behavioral science investigations in this area. The article points out that the effects of sexual stimuli have rarely been studied in adequately controlled experimental investigations. This situation, of course, makes definite conclusions impossible. The authors, however, do evaluate that which is available and these evaluations will provide the reader with further insights into the problem at hand."
Caldwell, Edward C. "Censorship of Radio Programs." Journal of Radio, 1:441-76, October 1931. C5
A résumé of the historical development of free speech and the laws now governing that right, followed by an application of the law to radio broadcasting. The author points out the apparent conflict existing between freedom of speech via radio and the duty of the government to ensure best use of very limited facilities. If one yields to the other, it should be the latter that should give way.
Caldwell, Erskine. God's Little Acre. New York, Viking, 1933. 303p. C6
The appendix to the fifth printing gives a seven-page account of the prosecution of the book in New York Municipal Court and Magistrate Benjamin Greenspan's decision freeing the book, considered a milestone in the fight against censorship. He ruled that the book must be considered in its entirety, that it was honest and sincere in its intent, that it had no tendency to incite its readers to behave like its characters, and that coarse and vulgar language was essential to the people portrayed. "The Court," he said "may not require the author to put refined language in the mouths of primitive people."
-------. "My Twenty-Five Years of Censorship." Esquire, 50(4):176-78, October 1958. C7 §
The author of God's Little Acre describes various efforts to suppress this work--the suit in New York against Viking Press (1933) brought by the New York vice society, in Massachusetts where the Supreme Judicial Court (1949) banned the book, and in Philadelphia where God's Little Acre was among a group of books freed by a decision of Judge Curtis Bok. Caldwell also discusses action against his Tobacco Road and Tragic Ground.
-------. "Protest against Columbia University's Ban on Tobacco Road and God's Little Acre." New Republic, 79:184-85, 27 June 1934. C8
Caldwell, Henry C. "Trial by Judge and Jury." American Federationist, 17:385-89, May 1910. C9
Deals with contempt of court cases and censorship by injunction in labor disputes.
Caldwell, J. B. "Statement." Christian Life, 2:19-22, November 1890. C10
The author was arrested on an obscenity charge for advocating "coition for offspring only" and for publishing a defense of Moses Harman, birth control advocate, in an issue of Christian Life.
Caldwell, Louis G. American Press and International Communications. New York, American Newspaper Publishers' Association, 1945. 58p. C11
The author opposes merger of American communications companies, which, he believes, would bring greater government control of information.
-------. "Censorship is Censorship--Regardless." Broadcasting, 30(13):25, 69, 1 April 1946. C12
The former general counsel of the Federal Radio Commission charges that the FCC's report in Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees is based on the fiction that the slogan "public interest, convenience or necessity" embraces government regulation of broadcast programs.
-------. "Freedom of Speech and Radio Broadcasting." In Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 177:179-207, January 1935. (Excerpts in Summers, Radio Censorship, pp. 77-80) C13
"My principal thesis is that, on the basis of legal and factual data now before us, broadcasting enjoys a liberty of expression far more circumscribed than that of the press, and that whereas the press has won a very substantial immunity, broadcasting has no immunity in time of war, and in time of peace it must be content in the main with lip service to the principle instead of the principle itself. The scope of freedom of speech by radio should be no whit less than the scope of freedom of the press, not only for the sake of the broadcaster and his listening public, but as well for the sake of the publisher and his reading public. Theirs is a common cause, liberty of expression, and a defeat suffered by either will eventually expose the other to a flank attack."
-------. "Legal Restrictions on Broadcasting Programs." Air Law Review, 9:229-49, July 1938. (Excerpts in Summers, Radio Censorship, pp. 62-77) C14
Address before the Second International Congress on Comparative Law, The Hague, 4 August 1937.
Calhoun, Harold G., Dorothy Calhoun, et al. Let Freedom Ring! Washington, D.C., U.S. Office of Education, 1937. 379p. (Bulletin 1937, no. 32) C15
Contains the scripts of 13 national broadcasts of the radio series, Let Freedom Ring, presented in the spring of 1937 over Columbia Broadcasting System. Script 4 deals with freedom of the press and introduces the Martin Marprelate tracts, William Prynne, Milton's Areopagitica, the trial of John Peter Zenger, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Minnesota gag law. Music production notes are included.
Calhoun, John C. "Minority Report of Senator Calhoun on Suppressing Anti-Slavery Agitation." In M. M. Miller, ed., Great American Debates. New York, Current Literature Publishing Co., 1913. vol. 4, pp. 125-28. C16
President Jackson, in his message to Congress in 1835, had recommended legislation to prevent the Post Office from accepting anti-slavery publications and Calhoun was made chairman of a special committee of three Southerners and two Northerners to draft such legislation. The committee brought in a bill subjecting a postmaster to penalties for accepting such matter. A minority of the committee submitted this controversial report, drafted by Calhoun, opposing the bill, favoring instead, action by the states. The bill was finally rejected by a vote of 29 to 19. Daniel Webster spoke against it because its vagueness threatened press freedom. On page 161, a cartoon is reproduced with the caption "Joshua [Calhoun] Commanding the Sun [The Press] to Stand Still."
California. Assembly. Judiciary Committee. Report of the Subcommittee on Pornographic Literature. Sacramento, Calif., The Assembly, 1959. 45p. (Assembly Interim Committee Reports, 1957-59, vol. 20, no. 9) C17
California. University. School of Librarianship. The Climate of Book Selection; Social Influences in School and Public Libraries. Papers Presented at a Symposium Held at the University of California, July 10-12, 1958. Edited by J. Periam Danton. Berkeley, Calif., The School, 1959. 98p. C18 §
Papers by a group of social scientists, emphasizing the ideological atmosphere in which books are selected and retained. Includes: The Atmosphere of Censorship by Harold D. Lasswell and Book Selection and Retention in California Public and School Libraries by Marjorie Fiske, author of a full-length study on book censorship in California libraries.
Callahan, Daniel. "The Ivy Curtain; Censorship of Campus Publications." Critic, 22(4):9-14, February-March 1964. C19
Catholic college publications "suffer all the handicaps of the non-Catholic products, and, for good measure, a few others besides." The most notable handicap is the omnipresent reality of prior censorship. The present brand of college student is unwilling to accept this administrative paternalism. He is discovering "progressive" Catholicism. The author, associate editor of Commonweal, recounts the censorship cases at Catholic University (Tower), Notre Dame (Scholastic), and Chicago's Loyola (Loyola Times). The only advantage of censorship is that it safeguards the university; there is no educational value to the student.
Callahan, North. "Jefferson's Contribution to America's Free Press." Quill, 48(3):8, 20-21, March 1960. C20
A professor of history at New York University reviews Jefferson's statements and activities with respect to the press.
Callanan, James A. S. A History of Literary Censorship in England. Boston, Boston University, 1941. 632p. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation) C21
The author traces the origin of censorship from ancient Rome and the Index Romanorum, to special edicts of English sovereigns and to the appointment of a Master of Revels for drama; censorship of the Church of Rome up to the time of the Reformation when the Church of England and the Star Court Chamber took over; the Star Chamber until abolished in 1641 and the subsequent development of censorship by parliamentary statute until licensing ended in 1694. After interpreting the laws against slander, libel, and blasphemy, and Lord Campbell's Act in 1857 against obscenity, he presents a chronological survey of book censorship from earliest times down to the present day. One section of the survey deals with censorship of plays from the appointment of the Master of Revels in 1545 until the present day action of the Lord Chamberlain. Another section deals with wartime censorship, showing the close kinship between censorship and propaganda. A final section deals with the development of radio and film censorship in England. Appendices include: List of Masters of Revels and Examiners of Plays, Copy of Oath Taken by Examiner of Plays, Copy of License Issued by Lord Chamberlain for a Stage Play, Number of Plays Licensed and Refused, 1852-1912, and samples of war cartoons on the topic of censorship.
[Callender, James T.]. "Proceedings in the High Court of Justiciary against James T. Callender, Walter Berry, and James Robertson for Publishing a Seditious Pamphlet, 1793." In Howell, State Trials, vol. 23, pp. 79 ff. C22
Callender and his associates were indicted in Edinburgh in 1792 for the publication of the Political Progress of Great Britain. To escape trial for sedition, Callender fled to the United States, where within a decade he was convicted under the Sedition Act.
[-------]. "Trial for Seditious Libel, Richmond, Va., 1800. (U.S. v. Callender)." In Wharton, State Trials, pp. 688-90; also in American State Trials, vol. 10. pp. 813-76. C23
Callender, a disreputable literary hack, was brought to trial for publication of a libel against President Adams in a pamphlet entitled, The Prospect before Us. The case involved the question of whether the jury had the right to consider the constitutionality of the law, in this case the Sedition Act. Judge Chase believed it did not. Callender was found guilty of seditious libel and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. The trial became a debate between the Federalist judge and the Republican defense attorneys, three of Virginia's most distinguished lawyers, Philip N. Nicholas, George Hay, and William Wirt. Throughout the trial freedom of the press was an issue. A full account of the Callender case appears in James M. Smith, Freedom's Fetters, pp. 334-58.
Callwell, Sir Charles E. "Press Censorship." Nineteenth Century, 85:1132-45, June 1919. (Abstracted in American Review of Reviews, August 1919) C24
Considers the necessity of a competent press censorship in time of war.
A Calm Inquiry into the Evidences of the Christian Revelation and Reflections suggested by the Late Trials of Carlile and Others, for Blasphemy, &c. London, John Glanville, 1819. 31p. C25
"Carlile's defence was all a falsehood. No man of common sense could believe him to have had any point in view beyond the guilty profit of his publications . . . They who do not honour the King, must be made to respect his authority. They who do not fear God, must be prevented from balspheming his Holy Word." The author ("A Layman") calls on all Britons to defend the honor of God and country against attacks of the anarchist and atheist as represented by Carlile.
Calverton, Victor F. Sex Expression in Literature. Introduction by Harry E. Barnes. New York, Boni, 1926. 337p. (Chapter on "Contemporary Sex Release in Literature" is reprinted in McDermott, Sex Problem in Modern Society, pp. 351-79) C26
Sex expression is presented here in relation to its social origin and social control. The denial of things sexual and the condemnation of sex episode and diction by the bourgeoisie (Puritans) is the outgrowth of the social economy. "It is but a defense mechanism unconsciously designed to protect the private-property concept upon which it has thrived."
-------, and S. D. Schmalhausen, eds. Sex in Civilization. New York, Macaulay, 1929. 709p. C27
Includes essays on Sex Censorship and Democracy by Waldo Frank, Sex and the Law by Huntington Cairns, Sex in Education by Harry E. Barnes, and Sex and the Novel by Robert M. Lovett.
Cameron, Angus. "The Freedom to Publish." Masses and Mainstream, 8(1):43-47, January 1955. C28 §
Deals with the application of the First Amendment to the books (largely Communist) issued by International Publishers, directed by Alexander Trachtenberg, and the belief of "a handful of witch-hunters" that the publications are "dangerous to the safety of our country."
Campbell, Alexander. "A Censorship of the Censor." English Review, 22:58-63, January 1916. C29
Wartime censorship "is discharging its functions improperly and has become a grave menace to the successful prosecution of the war . . . An exclusive military censorship we must have, but nothing more."
Campbell, I. D. "Indecent Publications Amendment Act 1954: A Commentary." New Zealand Law Journal, 30:293-94, September 1954. C30
Campbell, Laurence R. "Freedom of Information Study in Florida Shows Progress and Problems." Quill, 45(6):11-12, 36, June 1957. C31
In a survey conducted by Florida State University School of Journalism, the local press and radio and television newsmen report on problems involved in covering government meetings and obtaining access to public records.
Campbell, Lily B. "The Suppressed Edition of A Mirror for Magistrates." Huntington Library Bulletin, 5-6:1-16, November 1934. C32
A revision of the history of the Mirror "in order that it may be viewed as work of political and historical significance." The article discusses "the data at hand concerning the origin of the Mirror, the date of the original issue, and the reason for its suppression."
Campbell, Theophila (Carlile). The Battle of the Press, as told in the Story of the Life of Richard Carlile, by his Daughter . . . London, A. and H. B. Bonner, 1899. 319p. C33
The story of Carlile's trial for publication of Thomas Paine's Age of Reason and his role in the Manchester riots of 1819. For his radical writings and efforts to secure the freedom of the press this English publisher and journalist spent more than nine years in prison. The author is Carlile's youngest daughter. Although she hardly remembered her father, she knew a number of his friends and had access to some of his correspondence.
Campbell, Walter B. "Censorship of Literature in Queensland." University of Queensland Law Journal, 3:244-57, December 1958. C34
A critique of the administration of the Objectionable Literature Act of 1954.
[Campion, William, et al.]. The Reports of the Trials of William Campion, Thomas Jefferies, Richard Hassell, John Clarke, William Haley, William Cochrane, and others, for the sale of Anti-Christian Publications in the Shop of Richard Carlile, 84, Fleet Street, London. Tried at the Old Bailey Sessions, for June, 1824, before Newman Knowlys, the Recorder, and Common Juries. London, R. Carlile, 1824. 136p. C35
When Richard Carlile went to prison for the sale of blasphemous or seditious works, various volunteers kept shop for him and, in turn, went to prison for the sale of works of Thomas Paine and other "blasphemous" writers. Campion was sentenced to three years, Hassell to two years, and Jefferies to two months (Jefferies pleaded guilty) for sale of Age of Reason. Clarke, Haley, and Perry were given three years and Cochrane six months for sale of an issue of The Republican.
"Can It Happen in Massachusetts?" Massachusetts Library Association Bulletin, 42:1-3, January 1952. C36
A Massachusetts public librarian, writing anonymously, describes a "frightening" disagreement on the library board which prevented the adoption of the Library Bill of Rights.
"Can the Ban Be Justified? Banning The Nation from New York City High Schools." Nation, 167:569-71+, 20 November 1948. C37
Canada. Censorship Coordinating Committee. Handbook: Press and Radio Broadcasting Censorship. Ottawa, Patenaude, 1940. 23p. C38
Canada. Royal Commission on Broadcasting. Report. Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1957. 518p. C39
In this general study of the Canadian broadcasting system, sponsored by the Fowler Commission, chapter 4 relates to the regulation of broadcasting. No fundamental change is suggested in arrangements for control; in general, the system has worked well. The report supports the continuation of "a single system in which both public and private stations are all integral parts and which is regulated and controlled by a single board [there had been agitation for a separate board for private broadcasters] representing the public interest and responsibility to Parliament." A brief history of Canadian broadcasting is given as an appendix. Reference is made to the Aird Commission (Sir John Aird) of 1928-29 which recommended the present system of national control and established the principle of public interest. The report of that Commission led to the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Act. The Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters, and Sciences, 1949-51, under the chairmanship of Vincent Massey, recommended continued public control of broadcasting in Canada.
[Le Canada-Revue]. La Grande Cause Ecclesiastique. Le Canada-Review v. Mgr. E. C. Fabre. Procédure, Préuve, Pieces du Dossier, Plaidoyers des Avocats, Reproduction des Textes Originaux et des Notes Stenographiques Officielles. Montreal, John Lovell, 1894. 342p. C40
A celebrated suit against the Archbishop of Montreal for interference with the publication of Le Canada-Revue.
"Canada's Ban on Certain American Publications." Literary Digest, 88:17-18, 27 March 1926. C41
Liberty was banned by the Canadian Customs "because of the publication of a series of articles said to reflect on the character of the late King Edward VII and the Prince of Wales." The New York Daily Mirror was banned following the allegation in the Canadian Parliament that it was "immoral."
Canadian Bar Association. Saskatchewan Sub-Committee on Civil Liberties. "Report on Censorship and Obscenity." Saskatchewan Bar Review, 25:80-87, September 1960. C42
"The opinion is expressed that laws which seek to regiment public taste have no place in a democratic society, since such laws generally play into the hands of pedants and tyrants." A review of censorship powers of the Department of National Revenue, censorship under the criminal code of Canada, and provincial censorship legislation.
Canadian Library Association. Committee on Intellectual Freedom. "This Freedom." Canadian Libraries, 19:329-30, March 1963. C43
The statement on intellectual freedom and censorship adopted by the Council of the Canadian Library Association: "The libraries and those responsible for libraries must stand as leaders for intellectual freedom and must resist social influences tending to restrict the legitimate right to provide Canadians with worthwhile books."
"Canadian Secrecy." Time, 34(21):49-50, 20 November 1939. C44
Wartime censorship in Canada under the sweeping regulations of the Minister of National Defense is more rigorous than in Great Britain itself.
Canby, Henry S. "Something about Fig Leaves." Saturday Review of Literature, 4:249-50, 29 October 1927. C45
A review of James Branch Cabell's, Something About Eve, including remarks on Cabell's experience with censorship.
-------. "Strange Fruit." Saturday Review of Literature, 17(14):14, 1 April 1944. C46
Editorial on the banning in Boston of Lillian Smith's novel because of the use of a four-letter word. He calls for an end to the bootlegging of four-letter words. "Any word in the great English language is a good one, if honestly and properly used." In a letter to the editor in the 22 April issue, Arthur Garfield Hays points out that there is no legal prohibition on the use of four-letter words.
Candid Considerations on Libels. In Which is Represented: I. Their Influence upon the Human Mind. II. The Necessity of Refuting Them. III. The Inexpediency of the Law against Them. IV. The Insufficiency of Obtaining Redress Thereby, and the Consequent Propriety of Appealing to the Publick. With Some Observations of the Liberty of the Press. By a Friend to Harmony. Boston, Printed by E. Freeman and L. Andrews, [1789]. 22p. C47
Candor, pseud. A Letter from Candor to the Public Advertiser: Containing a Series of Constitutional Remarks on Some Late Interesting Trials, and Other Points, of the Most Essential Consequence to Civil Liberty . . . 2d ed. London, Printed for J. Almon, 1764. 54p. (Also in A Collection of Scarce and Interesting Tracts, London, Almon, 1773, vol. 1, pp. 1-40) C48
Following the verdict against John Wilkes for publication of a seditious libel in the printing of no. 45 of the North Briton, an anonymous Gray's Inn lawyer, writing as "Candor," expressed his approval of the verdict and of Lord Mansfield's interpretation of the common law of seditious libel. Freedom of the press, said Candor, was simply freedom from prior restraint and did not imply freedom from prosecution after the event. Truth itself was no defense in a libel case and the judge, not the jury, should determine whether the work was libelous. The libel law, Candor maintained, served as "an excellent device for keeping the scribbling race from meddling with political questions . . . The advantage of inoffensive speech or writing, and absolute submission to the government is so great, that I am sure every man ought to rejoice in such wholesome regulations." There is every reason to believe that the Candor pamphlet was actually a satire on Lord Mansfield, the judgment of the court, the House of Commons, and the conservative stand on seditious libel. This was the first in a series of pamphlets between Candor and his opponents (principally one writing under the pseudonym, "Father of Candor") and proponents, which focused attention on the administration of British libel laws. The identity of Candor has been ascribed to John Dunning, Lord Camden (Charles Pratt), Lord Ashburton, Sir Philip Francis, and to the publisher, John Almon.
Canham, Erwin D. The Content of Our Information. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1958. 4p. (Publication no. 8) C49 §
An address by the editor of the Christian Science Monitor on the occasion of the First-Day-Issue ceremony for the commemorative stamp honoring journalism and the freedom of the press.
-------. "General Assembly Adopts Draft Convention on International Transmission of News and Right of Correction; Statement by E. D. Canham, and Text of Convention and Resolutions Adopted." U.S. Department of State Bulletin, 20:678-85, 29 May 1949. C50
Canham was alternate United States delegate to the UN General Assembly.
-------. "How a Free Press Can Help Freedom Survive." Quill, 40(6):5, 12-14, June 1952. C51
Editor Canham believes that the newspaper, like other agencies of a free society, faces a crisis of confidence in liberty.
-------. "International Freedom of Information." Law and Contemporary Problems, 14:584-98, October 1949. C52
An American delegate on the UNESCO Sub-Commission on Freedom of Information discusses the task before the Fourth General Assembly of the United Nations in considering the second Draft Convention on Freedom of Information.
-------. "Press as a Safeguard of Freedom in a Democracy." In Proceedings, National Education Association, Washington, D.C., 1941, pp. 176-79. C53
-------. "Report of Committee on World Freedom of Information." Problems of Journalism; Proceedings of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1948. Washington, D.C., ASNE, 1948, pp. 150-57. C54 §
The report recommends (1) preservation of freedom of the press at home as "still our first task," (2) issuing visas into the United States for any bonafide news correspondents unless there is a real security risk, (3) cooperation in an attempt to organize an International Federation of Associations of Editors, and (4) study of the proposals of the International Institute of the Press.
-------. "The Responsibility of Freedom of the Press." Problems of Journalism; Proceedings of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1944. Washington, D.C., ASNE, 1944, pp. 108-15. C55
"Freedom of the press is never going to be impaired in the United States for very long unless American newspapers and newspaper men let it happen here. We are the basic masters of our destiny. Upon what we do depends what happens to us."
-------. "The Right to Know." Christian Science Monitor, 16 July 1949, p. 6. C56
Victory in battle for men's souls is seen through maintenance of freedom and democracy. From remarks at a Yale University luncheon on the occasion of the author's receiving an honorary doctorate.
Canning, Rita M. A Study of Elijah Parish Lovejoy's Views on Freedom of the Press. Carbondale, Ill., Southern Illinois University, 1957. 144p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) C57
Cannon, Carl L., comp. Journalism: A Bibliography. New York, New York Public Library, 1924. 360p. (Also in New York Public Library Bulletin, vol. 27, nos. 2-8, February-August 1923; reprinted by Gale Research Co., Detroit, 1967) C58
A comprehensive bibliography on American and British journalism for the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, based on the extensive collection of the New York Public Library. Sections containing books and articles relating to freedom of the press are as follows: jurisprudence (includes numerous censorship and libel trials), liberty of the press, and military censorship. Most of the entries from these sections of Cannon's list have been included in this bibliography, except for personal libel cases not involving the issue of freedom of the press.
-------. "Who Shall Decide What We Can't Read?" Library Journal, 54:1024-26, 5 December 1929. C59
The Book Buying Committee of the American Library Association opposes the provision in the tariff bill before Congress which provides that clerks of the U.S. Customs shall decide whether any book, pamphlet, or other writing imported into the United States is obscene or seditious.
Cannon, Garland H. "Freedom of the Press and Sir William Jones." Journalism Quarterly, 33:179-88, Spring 1956. C60
An account of the eighteenth-century British linguist who was brought to trial charged with seditious libel for his pamphlet, Principles of Government.
Cannon, Lucius H., comp. Motion Pictures: Laws, Ordinances and Regulations on Censorship, Minors and Other Related Subjects. St. Louis, Municipal Reference Library, 1920. 68p. C61
Cannon, Ralph A. An Analysis of Sex Exploitation on the Newsstands; A Sickness in Society. Washington, D.C., Methodist Board of Temperance, 1958. 32p. C62
-------. "Pornography, Sex and the Church." Christian Century, 80:576-79, 1 May 1963. C63
"Behind the fact that peddlers of pornography find ready markets is the even more disturbing fact that our culture suffers from a fundamental confusion concerning the nature of human sexuality . . . Since the Supreme Court has stated that contemporary community standards are the basis for judging obscenity, we should get busy reshaping these standards." The Church should also take a more active part in sex education, should minister compassionately to those with sexual problems, should seek a more genuinely artistic presentation of sex, and should join forces with community organizations for decent literature, "but not before examining the assumptions and procedures of such organizations."
Cantril, Hadley, ed. "Liberty of the Press." In Public Opinion, 1935-1946. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1951, pp. 416-18. C64
Includes summaries of 30 public opinion polls on liberty of the press.
"Canutes and the Press." Times Literary Supplement, 1296:873-74, 2 December 1926. C65
A brief history of the conflict between the press and the regulation of printed books: the round fought by the Catholic church, beginning with the Bull Inter Multipices (1501); the round fought in England beginning in 1408 with Arundel, the Archbishop of Canterbury; the round fought in France; the fifth and unfinished round begun immediately after Waterloo, which was to have a large part in the struggle for freedom in the epochs of revolutions not yet ended. "The ordered freedom of the Press will become the measure of complete nationhood."
Capouya, Emile. "Varieties of Love." Nation, 197:457-59, 28 December 1963. C66
"If evil communications do, in fact, corrupt good manners, the young have more to fear from the books that are freely available to them than from those the postmaster has been impounding since Mrs. Grundy first took the job . . . The case against censorship is always that the best books are the most controversial and therefore the first to be suppressed . . . What is most patently cheap and corrupting in our literature does not in the ordinary course attract the censor's attention." Capouya discusses three categories of erotica: love as a religious experience, love as a cosmic joke, and love as the banal decoration on the canvas of life.
Capp, Al. "Al Capp Views the Networks." Nieman Reports, 6(2):11, April 1952. C67
The cartoonist finds freedom in the American press but an "immovable, frightening Iron Curtain in American radio and TV." In Russia you must think as the Kremlin thinks; on the American air you must think as the sponsor thinks. A note to the article states: "This provocative statement by Al Capp was heard on March 12 by a Boston audience of several hundred. But the broadcasting and reporting facilities assigned to the meeting failed in their function."
Carden, Philip M. "The Supreme Court and Obscenity." Vanderbilt Law Review, 11:585-98, March 1958. C68
The net result of 7 obscene publication cases before the U.S. Supreme Court in the 12 months through January 1958 appears to be "that the controlling constitutional issue in obscenity cases hereafter will be the proper application of the definition of obscenity laid down by the five-man majority in Roth." The author examines in detail both majority and minority opinions in the Roth-Alberts cases.
Cardim, Elmano. Freedom of Thought and Freedom of the Press in a World of Democracy. Rio de Janeiro, Journal of Commerce, 1943. 33p. C69
A lecture delivered 15 September 1943 before the Brazilian Academy of Letters, one of a series organized by the P.E.N. Club of Brazil with a view to studying the problems of organization of the postwar democratic world. The scope of the address is world-wide.
"The Cardinal's Crusade." Commonweal, 19:449-50, 23 February 1934. C70
An editorial supporting the action taken by Cardinal Hayes in "proclaiming a crusade for Christian decency in regard to reading, as part of the general program of the Catholic hierarchy of the United States to promote the Catholic press."
Cardwell, Richard W. Keeping the Press Free. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1963. 8p. (Publication no. 103) C71 §
The author, general counsel for the Hoosier State Press Association, reviews the legal rights of the press as expressed in the Constitution and by the courts. In addition to freedom from prior restraint and from undue prosecution after publication, the right of access to public information must be guaranteed. The tendency of the courts has been toward acceptance of the balancing theory. "What this means is that the current method of deciding First Amendment questions is by setting a statute or regulation or competing interest and the reasons for it on one side of the scale, and the protected right and the substantiality and probable effects on its restriction on the other and see which falls the fastest. The heaviest one wins." The newspaper is often in an unfavorable position with the legislature, in part because of its role as critic and public conscience. The general public has not always supported the press in its opposition to threats to the First Amendment because it has not always identified the newspaper's right of free expression with its own right as a citizen. He urges newspaper publishers to understand more fully their rights, to help the public to understand their mutual interests, and to help legislative representatives recognize issues and problems.
Care, Henry, comp. English Liberties, or the Free-born Subject's Inheritance . . . 4th ed. London, Printed by E. McNutt and K. Gosling for A. Bettesworth and J. Hooke, 1719. 356p. Revised by William Nelson. (First American edition, Boston, James Franklin, 1721. 288p.) C72
Includes a section, "That Juries are Judges of Law in Some Respects, as well as of Fact." This refers to the controversy as to whether the jury or the judge should determine whether a work was libelous, an issue in Care's trial of 1680.
[-------]. Triall of Henry Carr, Gent., at London, 2nd of July, 1680; upon Information . . . Charging Him to Be the Author of a Certain False, Scandalous and Malitious Book Intituled The Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome; or, The History of Popery . . . London, R. Taylor, 1681. 26p. (Reprinted in Howell, State Trials, vol. 7, pp. 1111 ff., and in Schroeder, Constitutional Free Speech, pp. 298-99) C73
Care (or Carr) was arrested for attacks on the Pope that appeared in his periodical, The Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome. Chief Justice Scroggs declared it illegal to publish any news whatever without permission and ruled that the jury was to determine only the fact of publication; the judge would determine whether or not the matter was libelous. The jury found Care guilty.
[Carlile, Jane] Report of the Trial of Mrs. Carlile, on the Attorney-General's Ex-officio Information for the Protection of Tyrants; with the Information and Defence at Large before Mr. Justice Abbott and a Special Jury at the Guildhall. London, J. Carlile, 1821. 24p. (Reprinted in Macdonell, Reports of State Trials, 1 (n. s.):1365 ff.) C74
When her husband, Richard Carlile, went to jail for publishing Paine's Age of Reason, Mrs. Carlile took over the shop and continued to sell the offending work. She was arrested for the sale of a report of her husband's trial which included quotations from Paine's work. Charges, brought at the instigation of the vice society, were dropped when she agreed to sell no more copies. But within a week she was again arrested for sale of Sherwin's Life of Paine. She was found guilty of blasphemous libel and eventually joined her husband at Dorchester Prison. Richard's sister, Mary-Anne, took over the shop until she also went to prison.
[-------]. The Trials, with the Defences at Large of Mrs. J. Carlile, M. A. Carlile, W. Holmes . . . and T. R. Perry . . . who were Prosecuted for Selling the Publications of R. Carlile . . . London, J. Carlile, 1825. 32p. C75
The trials of Richard Carlile's wife, Jane, his sister Mary-Anne, and two shopmen, Holmes and Perry. While neither wife nor sister supported the radical ideas of Carlile, they came to his defense out of indignation at the injustice of his loss of freedom.
[Carlile, Mary-Anne]. Bridge-Street Banditti, versus The Press. Report of the Trial of Mary-Anne Carlile, for publishing a New-Year's Address to the Reformers of Great Britain; written by Richard Carlile; at the Instance of the Constitutional Association. Before Mr. Justice Best, and a Special Jury, at the Court of King's Bench, Guildhall, London, July 24, 1821. With the Noble and Effectual Speech of Mr. Cooper in defence, at Large. London, R. Carlile, 1821. 53p. C76
The sister of Richard Carlile was brought to trial at the instigation of the Constitutional Association ("Bridge-Street Gang") for the sale of her brother's pamphlets. The Association consisted of a group of Tories dedicated to protect the Crown and government against seditious libel, a counterpart of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, which operated against blasphemy and obscenity. Miss Carlile was acquitted largely through the spirited defense of a young liberal lawyer, Henry Cooper. This pamphlet is dedicated to Cooper, who died shortly after the trial.
[-------]. Suppressed Defence. The Defence of Mary-Anne Carlile, to the Vice Society's Indictment, against the Appendix to the Theological Works of Thomas Paine; which Defence Was Suppressed by Mr. Justice Best, Almost at its Commencement; and, on the Propriety of Which Suppression, the Public, as the Highest Tribunal, is now appealed to and called upon to Judge between the Defendant, Her Prosecutors, and Her Judge. With a Report of the Proceedings before the Defence was Suppressed. London, Printed and published by R. Carlile, 1821. 46p. C77
Miss Carlile was tried and convicted for selling a blasphemous libel, a part of a vice society campaign against the Carlile print shop. Later the same day she was acquitted of a charge of seditious libel.
[-------]. Trial of Mary-Ann Carlile for a Blasphemous Libel Before Mr. Justice Best and a Special Jury in the Court of King's Bench, Guildhall, on July 24, 1821. Motion for New Trial (Before Abbott, C. J. and Bayley, Holroyd, and Best, J. J) on November 2, 1821. London, [1821]. 10p. (Reprinted in Macdonell, Reports of State Trials, 1 (n. s.):1033-51) C78 §
[Carlile, Richard]. Carlile and Paine's Age of Reason. British Forum . . . June 25th, 1819. Question, Ought the Conduct of Mr. Carlile in Continuing to Publish Paine's Age of Reason . . . to be Censured? . . . London, 1819. Single sheet folded. C79
James Mill's speech on the occasion is entered under the speaker's name.
[-------]. Constitutional Remarks Addressed to the People of Great Britain on the Subject of the Late Trial of R. Carlile for Republishing Paine's Age of Reason. By a Member of Gray's Inn. London, 1819. 72p. C80
[-------]. A Dialogue on the Approaching Trial of Mr. Carlile, for Publishing the Age of Reason, with the trial Anticipated . . . London, T. J. Wooler, 1819. 16p. (From Wooler's British Gazette, 18 April 1819) C81
[-------]. Jail Jottings (1820-1825); with an Introductory Account of Carlile's Mock Trial for Blasphemy and His Speech from the Dock. Edited and Compiled by Guy A. Aldred. London, Bakunin Press, 1913. 48p. C82
Commentary written by Carlile while serving a jail sentence for publication of Paine's Age of Reason.
[-------]. Jail Journal. Prison Thoughts and Other Writings. Edited and Selected by Guy A. Aldred. Glasgow, Strickland Press, 1942. 91p. ("The Word" Library, 2d ser., no. 6) C83
[-------]. "The King against Richard Carlile, 1831." In Macdonell, Reports of State Trials, 2(n. s.): 459-93. C84 §
Carlile was brought to trial on 10 January 1831 before the Recorder of London for publishing seditious and revolutionary sentiments in his unstamped paper, The Prompter. He delivered a five and one-half hours' speech in his own behalf. After two verdicts of guilty for publishing only, which the Recorder refused to accept, the jury at last found Carlile guilty and he was fined and sentenced to two years in jail. He served this sentence plus an additional eight months in lieu of payment of the fine. Later the same year Cobbett was freed by a jury for the same offense.
[-------]. A Letter to Sir Samuel Shepherd Knt. His Majesty's Attorney-General, upon the subject of his prosecutions of Richard Carlile, for publishing Paine's Age of Reason. London, R. Carlile, 1819. 28p. C85
While in jail awaiting trial for publishing Paine's Age of Reason Carlile wrote this open letter to the Attorney-General, anticipating the arguments of the prosecution, and answering each. The letter is signed "Philalethes."
[-------]. A Letter to the Society for the Suppression of Vice, on their Malignant Efforts to Prevent a Free Enquiry after Truth and Reason. London, Carlile, 1819. 13p. C86
Carlile wrote this open letter while in jail awaiting trial on charge of blasphemy for publication of Paine's Age of Reason. He challenged the Society, which was responsible for his arrest, to prepare a refutation of Paine's arguments which he would publish and sell in an effort to present "a fair exposition of both our views."
[-------]. A List of the Jurors Nominated to Try the Two Informations by the Attorney-General, and Three Indictments by the Society for the Suppression of Vice against Mr. Carlile, for Publishing Paine's Age of Reason, Sherwin's Register and Palmer's Principles of Nature, in the Deist, a Work Now Publishing in Weekly Numbers. London, Printed and Published for Mr. Carlile, 1819. 8p. C87
-------. A New Year's Address to the Reformers of Great Britain. London, Printed by M. A. Carlile, [1821]. 16p. C88
The first of six pamphlets written by Carlile while serving his blasphemy sentence in Dorchester Goal. In the last, dated 20 December 1821, he reports satisfaction that the first four "have been considered worthy of indictment" (Mrs. Susannah Wright was sentenced to prison for their sale) and the fifth "has staggered the enemy in perceiving the strength it exhibits on my part." The sixth pamphlet contains the correspondence between Carlile and his friends, and Carlile's account of his quarrels with William Benbow and Thomas Wooler, also prosecuted for libel.
[-------]. The Report of the Proceedings of the Court of King's Bench, in the Guildhall, London, on the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th Days of October; Being the Mock Trials of Richard Carlile, for Alleged Blasphemous Libels, in Publishing Thomas Paine's Theological Works and Elihu Palmer's Principles of Nature; Before Lord Chief Justice Abbott, and Special Juries. London, Printed and published by R. Carlile, 1822. 203p. (Issued in numerous editions; reprinted in Borrow, Celebrated Trials, vol. 6, pp. 297-301) C89
Carlile went to jail for six years; his wife was given a two-year sentence, and his sister a similar penalty. Carlile called for volunteers to continue publication of Age of Reason in his shop. Over the years, according to Gimbel in Thomas Paine's Fight for Freedom, "more than one hundred fifty persons responded, who collectively served more than 200 years' imprisonment in this battle for the freedom of the press . . . His heroic efforts finally won the battle, and the Age of Reason has ever since been in print." In 1818 Carlile challenged the government censors with the publication of Paine's Age of Reason, a work twice before condemned by the courts. To assure arrest, he advertised the publication widely. At the instigation of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, Carlile was arrested and brought to trial. He faced three charges for selling Paine's work, a fourth charge for selling a copy of the Deist containing Elihu Palmer's Principles of Nature, and the fifth charge for the sale of Sherwin's Register. After long delays Carlile was tried for blasphemy and found guilty both for publishing Age of Reason and, in a second trial, for Principles of Nature. The sedition charge for publishing Sherwin's Register was dropped. Wickwar, in his comprehensive account of the Carlile case, stated that blasphemy was at the time considered more offensive to the average man than sedition, and offenders more likely to be convicted. Carlile insisted upon conducting his own defense and did so without much skill. He was found guilty and sentenced to three years in prison and given a heavy fine. Unable to pay his fine, Carlile spent a total of some six years in jail. The Carlile trial was one of the most talked-about events of the year, and the publication of it and Age of Reason was widespread. More serious to Carlile than the fine imposed was the seizure of his book stock by the sheriff. Following Carlile's imprisonment his wife Jane and his sister Mary-Anne continued to operate the shop and sell the offending publication. For this they were also arrested and served two years in prison. Between 1821-22, six volunteer shopmen were given sentences of from six months to two years each (Susanna Wright, George Beer, John Barkley, Humphrey Boyle, Joseph Rhodes, and William Holmes). Later James Watson and William Tunbridge served sentences. In 1824 nine more shopmen went to jail: Thomas Jefferies, William Haley, William Campion, Richard Hassell, Michael O'Connor, William Cochrane, John Clarke, John Christopher, and Thomas Riley Perry. The government limited its prosecution to the sellers of the offending works whom they considered as publishers, and did not take action against the authors. Carlile was never brought to trial for anything he wrote.
[-------]. Vice versus Reason. A Copy of the Bill of Indictment, found at the old Bailey Sessions, January 16, 1819, against Richard Carlile, for Publishing Paine's Age of Reason . . . London, R. Carlile, 1819. 13p. C90
Text of the indictment drawn up at the instigation of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, together with the defendant's comments on the act of the "distinguished boobies."
[------- et al.]. The Trials with the Defences at Large of Mrs. Jane Carlile, Mary-Anne Carlile, William Holmes, John Barkley, Humphrey Boyle, Joseph Rhodes, Mrs. Wright, William Tunbridge, James Watson, William Campion, Thomas Jefferies, Richard Hassell, William Haley, John Clarke, William Cochrane, and Thomas Riley Perry, being the Persons who were Prosecuted for selling the publication of Richard Carlile in various Shops. London, R. Carlile, 1825. Various paging. C91
Under this title page are collected the various separate reports of trials, some of which are entered in this bibliography as separate publications.
Carlson, Oliver. "A Slanted Guide to Library Selections." Freeman, 2:239-42, 14 January 1952. (Reprinted in Daniels, The Censorship of Books, pp. 160-69) C92 §
The author charges Helen Haines with a pro-Soviet bias in the revised edition of her Living with Books, a standard guide to library book selection. Elinor S. Earle replies in the ALA Bulletin, April 1952.
Carlson, W. H. "Preparers of the Mind and Heart." Library Journal, 61:182-85, 1 March 1936. C93
To withstand the vicious international propaganda war "librarians are going to have to be specialists in falsehood and distortion of the truth in print." If such propaganda becomes a real threat to the existing order, librarians are justified in opposing it in their professional capacity. Librarians "may, paradoxically, have to be militant in their opposition to a social order which threatens their freedom."
Carlton, Henry F. Right to Print the Truth. Edited by Claire T. Zyve. New York, Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1932. 32p. C94
A radio play dealing with John Peter Zenger, part of a series, "Dramatic Hours in Colonial History."
Carlyle, Edward I. William Cobbett; a Study of His Life As Shown in His Writings. London, Constable, 1904. 318p. C95
G. D. H. Cole describes this biography of a man involved throughout his life in issues of press freedom, as "painstaking and competent, but dull."
Carmer, Carl L. For the Rights of Men. New York, Hinds, Hayden & Eldredge, 1947. 64p. C96
Popular dramatizations of "heroes who risked their lives and fortunes in the struggle for civil liberties." Includes Andrew Hamilton, John Peter Zenger, Matthew Lyon, Thomas Paine, William Lloyd Garrison, and Elijah Lovejoy.
Carnes, Paul N., and F. J. Cavalier. "Censorship." Library Journal, 80:1445-51, 15 June 1955. C97
Paul N. Carnes, Unitarian minister, expresses the opinion that the moral censor is less interested in morality than in moralizing. It he were really concerned with morality he would not stop with the law, but would promote good reading habits in children and better relationship between children and their parents. Mr. Cavalier, a municipal judge, considering the legal aspects of censorship reviews the law enforcement problems connected with book censorship, with special reference to Ohio. The task of law enforcement is to control purveyors of trash who disregard all bounds of decency, but to permit writers "the just and full expression of their genius." While legal action against an offending work is difficult it is the only legitimate way to proceed. Talks given at a conference of the Ohio Library Association.
Carney, William P. "Fighting the Censor." Scribner's, 101:33-38, June 1937. C98
An account of censorship abroad, by a veteran foreign correspondent of the New York Times. "World censorship of news is in a bull market in 1937. On practically all fronts, the dispatches which keep American readers in contact with world affairs are being snipped, slashed, or held up until valueless . . . War-born in 1914, censorship in open or undercover form now covers all of European and Asian countries, with the exception of the British Empire, Holland, Switzerland, and Scandinavia." An accompanying map shows the approximate conditions of censorship prevailing throughout the world.
Carnovsky, Leon. "Can the Public Library Defend the Right to Freedom of Inquiry?" ALA Bulletin, 38:255-57, July 1944. C99
A proposal by the Intellectual Freedom Committee of the American Library Association of a program to make the Library Bill of Rights more effective. Libraries affected by suppression should report the details to the Committee, which will, in turn, give wide publicity to the case.
-------. "The Obligations and Responsibilities of the Librarian Concerning Censorship." Library Quarterly, 20:21-32, January 1950. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 312-20; in Marshall, Books, Libraries, Librarians, pp. 324-42, and in Illinois Libraries, May 1966; excerpted in ALA Bulletin, November 1953) C100
A classic statement about censorship and the librarian, by the editor of Library Quarterly. He distinguishes between book selection and censorship, and, after reviewing the historical development of the concept of a free press as defined by the American courts, he considers how librarians might intelligently meet various censorship situations. The fear of objection may lead a librarian to avoid purchase of controversial books. In assuring a minority the right of expression, the librarian must not permit them to dictate the reading matter of others. "Censorship is an evil thing. In accepting it, in compromising, in 'playing it safe,' the librarian is false to the highest obligations of his profession. In resisting it, he retains his self-respect, he takes his stand with the great champions of free speech, and he reaffirms his fundamental faith in the dignity of man."
Carpenter, Edward. My Days and Dreams, Being Autobiographical Notes. London, Allen & Unwin, 1916. 340p. C101
Includes a discussion of efforts to restrict and censor the author's frank expressions in matters of sex.
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