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B., J. The Poets Knavery Discouered, in all their lying pamphlets: Wittily and very ingeniously composed, laying open the names of every lying lybel that was printed last yeare, and the authors who made them.... Written by J. B. London, Printed for T. H., [1642]. B1
A witty pamphlet describing how writers of the time, when sources of news dried up, proceeded to manufacture news for their readers. They were not brought to account because the government was busy with more pressing matters. The British Museum catalog attributes the work to James Boyd.
"The B. A. at Work: the Censor." Living Age, 256:55-57, 4 January 1908. (Reprinted from Punch) B2
A humorous, imaginary, conversation about censorship, that might appropriately take place between a young debutante and her dinner partner.
Bach, Harry. "Censorship of Library Books and Textbooks in American Schools, 1953-1963." Journal of Secondary Education, 40:3-15, January 1965. B3
A general review of the efforts by individuals and groups to suppress evil by preventing the dissemination of evil ideas and "error" in the schools, and the measures that librarians under attack can take to resist both. "If pressure groups are allowed to determine the content of books, teaching in American schools will degenerate into indoctrination. The antidote to authoritarianism is not some form of American authoritarianism; the answer is free inquiry."
[Bache, Benjamin Franklin]. Truth Will Out! The Foul Charges of the Tories against the Editor of the Aurora Repelled by Positive Proof and Plain Truth, and His Base Culminators Put to Shame . . . Philadelphia, 1798. 12p. B4
The editor of the anti-Federalist Philadelphia Aurora was one of the chief targets of the Sedition Law of 1798. In this pamphlet he accuses the Adams administration of studied attempts to curb the press. Mrs. Adams urged action against Bache, writing that unless Bache's press and other Republican newspapers were suppressed civil war might be expected. William Cobbett, then in America, and later to stand trial for libel both in America and England, urged suppression of the Aurora and that Bache be treated as "a Traitor, a Jew, a Jacobin, or a Dog." Bache was arrested in June 1798, three weeks before the Sedition Act was signed for libeling the President, but died before trial.
Back, Howard K. Rights of Access of Radio to the News. Columbus, Ohio State University, 1951. 117p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) B5
"The thesis will attempt to investigate those areas in which the radio newsman does not have, by law, the same access to news as do other newsmen. It will look into those areas in which the radio newsman's right to gather material has not been clearly defined, and those areas of radio and television which have special access problems not facing other media."
Bacon, Corrine. "What Makes a Novel Immoral?" New York Libraries, 2:4-12, October 1909. (Based on articles in the Springfield Republican appearing in 1903. Reprinted in Wisconsin Library Bulletin, December 1909; Library World, November 1910; and in a separate pamphlet by H. W. Wilson Co., 1914.) B6
An immoral novel is one that "leaves us worse than it found us." This is accomplished by (1) appealing to our lower nature, (2) confusing right and wrong, and (3) being untrue to life (pure fantasy excluded), i.e. based on impossible psychology, distortion and half-truths, morbidness, and containing false information. The author illustrates her points with numerous examples from literature. "The book that degrades our intellect, vulgarizes our emotions, kills our faith in our kind, is an immoral book; the book which stimulates thought, quickens our sense of humor, gives us a deeper insight into men and women and a finer sympathy with them, is a moral book, let its subject-matter have as wide a range as life itself." The author was on the staff of the New York State Library.
Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans. "Of Sedition and Troubles." In his Essays or Counsels Civill and Morell (first published, 1597-1625). In Selected Writings of Francis Bacon, edited by Hugh G. Dick, New York, Modern Library, 1955, pp. 38-44. B7
Bacon notes that when libels and licentious discourses against the state are frequent and open it is a sign of trouble. We do not remedy the trouble by silencing the complaints--"the going about to stop them doth but make a wonder long-lived"--but by removing the cause of the complaint.
Bagdikian, Ben H. "Behold the Grassroots Press, Alas !" Harper's, 229:102-7, December 1964. B8
"The myth of the small-town editor as the great opinion maker is fading; often he is no more than a print-shop proprietor looking for a piece of 'editorial' mat to fill the space between ads. Thus, for a modest fee, or even for free, it is possible to get a 'message' on the editorial pages of many small-town papers. " Quoted from FOI Digest.
-------. "Death in Silence." Columbia Journalism Review, 3(1):35-37, Spring 1964. B9
The 1964 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the New York Times libel case, freeing the printed word from massive legal retaliation by affronted public officials, prompts this discussion of the implications of the decision and the practice of the press in drawing a cloak of silence on libel cases concerning itself. While holding as a sacred principle that a newspaper does not suppress news just because it may make someone unhappy, "yet when the someone is a newspaper and the news is a significant libel suit, a majority of papers give themselves protection that they do not extend to other news-makers. . . . What's needed is the normal standard of news in the reporting of public events, now suspended for newspaper libel cases."
-------."The Gentle Suppression." Columbia Journalism Review, 4(1):16-19, Spring 1965. B10
A news quarantine by Washington papers in reporting activities of American Nazis, the author argues, is not in the public interest.
-------. "The News Managers." Saturday Evening Post, 236(15):17-19, 20 April 1963. B11
"Congress and reporters fear vital facts are hidden, and wonder if they can believe the government . . . Each week the Pentagon's censors classify enough documents to form a pile higher than the Empire State Building. . . The fact that government, which has to live with danger, with error and embarrassment, will disagree with the press on what should be secret is only natural, but it is the strength of democracy that this is a continuing battle and that over the years the battle has settled the issue better than any rigid rule."
-------. "Press Agent--But Still President." Columbia Journalism Review, 4(2):10-13, Summer 1965. B12
President Lyndon Johnson is both originator and editor of the news. Heavy pressures are brought to bear on White House correspondents not to print anything critical of the President.
-------. "Press Independence and the Cuban Crisis." Columbia Journalism Review, 1(4):5-11, Winter 1963. B13 §
"In the wake of the international crisis of last fall, an old issue arose cast in new dimensions: What are the obligations of journalism and government in a national emergency?" The press by high performance and conditioning the public to expect competent and significant news can protect freedom of information and can exert counterpressure in time of crisis against government efforts to establish tight controls.
-------. "What Happened to the Girl Scouts? Atlantic, 195:63-64, May 1955. B14
An account of the attack on the 1953 edition of the Girl Scout handbook for its "international friendship" theme.
Bagg, William E., III. A Survey of Reasons for Proposed Legislation Limiting Liability for Defamation by Radio and Television in Massachusetts. Boston, Boston University, 1953. 139p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) B15
Baginski, Max. "Anthony B. Comstock's Adventures." Mother Earth, 1:27-29, September 1906. B16
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The article ridicules Comstock and his sex censorship.
[Bailey, Samuel]. Essays on the Formation and Publication of Opinions, and on Other Subjects. Philadelphia, R. W. Pomeroy, 1831. 240p. (First edition published in London, 1821) B17
An intellectual's appeal for freedom of the press as an influential factor in the "natural progress of knowledge" and in "a judicious and gradual adaptation of their institutions to the inevitable changes of opinion." Bailey believed that no power could arrest the "silent march of thought" made possible by a free press. This work went through three editions in ten years and was considered by well-informed radicals of the 1820's as a major contribution to the moral sciences. The essays were praised by James Mill in the Westminster Review for July 1826 and by Thomas Cooper in the preface of his Treatise on the Law of Libel and the Liberty of the Press (1830).
-------. Essays on the Pursuit of Truth, and on the Progress of Knowledge, and the Fundamental Principle of All Evidence and Expectation. 2d ed. London, Longman, et al, 1844. 278p. (First published in 1829) B18
Sequel to Bailey's Essays on the Formation and Publication of Opinion, 1821.
Bailey, William S. Prosecution of William S. Bailey for Publishing the "Free South." [Newport, Ky., 1845?]. 2p. B19
This Newport, Ky., publisher expressed antislavery sentiments in his paper. His shop was attacked by a mob.
Bainbridge, John. "Danger's Ahead in the Public Schools." McCall's, 80:56+, October 1952. B20
Deals with attacks on the public schools--the efforts to censor textbooks, to ban speakers, to standardize the curriculum, to eliminate teaching about communism and the United Nations, to discredit teaching methods, and to change the pattern of teaching from one that educates to one that indoctrinates.
Baker, Ernest A., et al. "The Poisonous Literature Scare." Library Association Record, 12:1-8, 15 January 1910. B21
Editor Baker invites members of the Library Association to respond to Canon Rawnsley's charge that objectionable books are making their way into the public libraries of England. The discussion, entered into by C. W. Sutton, Lawrence Inkster, W. H. K. Wright, Alfred Lancaster, and A. O. Jennings considers the censorship activities of the Circulating Libraries Association in relation to the book selection policies of public libraries.
Baker, George. "Lolita: Literature or Pornography." Saturday Review, 40(25):18, 22 June 1957. B22
With the U.S. Customs declaring it unobjectionable, Lolita becomes a book that must be smuggled out of France but can be legally imported into the United States. A French publication noted that "France has shown herself to be more intolerant and more puritanical than an English-speaking country."
[Baker, George M.]. The Freedom of the Press; a Farce. Boston, Walter H. Baker, 1865. 21p. (Also in The Amateur Drama, 1893, pp. 162-83) B23
Trials and tribulations of the editor of The Bird of Freedom. The would-be editor closes with the line: "I'm convinced, that, while the press is a mighty engine, it needs a great deal of care and attention; and, of all freedom, that which is most comfortable and easy for its possessors is not the freedom of the press."
Baker, Nancy. Criticisms of Broadcast News. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1963. 4p. (Publication no. 111) B24 §
A compilation of criticisms leveled against radio and television newscasts, by government officials, the public, and the broadcasting industry.
-------. New York Newspaper Strike. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1963. 8p. (Publication no. 104) B25 §
An analysis of the New York newspaper strike which lasted from 8 December to 31 March 1963 .
-------. Reporters' Privilege Worldwide. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1964. 7p. (Publication no. 116) B26 §
A survey of professional secrecy and shield laws in the United States and abroad and the arguments for and against the claims of privileged relations between the reporter and his news source.
Baker, Sir Richard. Theatrum Redivivum; or, The Theatre Vindicated by Sir Richard Baker [!]; in Answer to Mr. Pryn's Histrio-Mastix: wherein His Groundless Assertions against Stage-plays Are Discovered, His Misstaken Allegations of the Fathers Manifested, as Also What He Calls His Reasons, to Be Nothing but His Passions . . . London, Printed by T. R. for F. Eglesfield, 1662. 141p. B27
Baker, Sidney J. "The Hoax of Censorship." International Journal of Sexology, 2(2):111-14, November 1948. B28
Bakewell, Paul. "The Menace and the Post Office." Catholic Mind, 13(2):25-44, 22 January 1915. B29
An open letter to W. H. Lanpir, Solicitor of the Post Office Department, from a St. Louis lawyer who claims it is the legal duty of the Postmaster General to suppress a publication that is "dirty, vile, and filthy." He refers to the anti-Catholic journal, The Menace, published in Aurora, Mo., by B. O. Flower. The same issue of Catholic Mind contains the text of an earlier letter from Bakewell on the same subject (pp. 45-51), an article entitled Your Money and the Mail, noting that Catholics through their taxes were helping to subsidize the mailing of The Menace (pp. 51-53); and a list of Anti-Catholic Periodicals (pp. 55-56).
Balderston, John L. "The Freedom of the Pen: A Conversation with George Moore." Fortnightly Review, 102 (n.s.):539-51, October 1917. B30
An American correspondent reports his conversations with George Moore, using extensive quotes. Moore rejects the "Anglo-Saxon fallacy" that morality depends upon literature. He also exposes the inconsistency of reformers in attacking current literature for its immorality while neglecting the classics. Moore's report of the same conversation is presented in his book, Avowals.
Baldus, David C. "Pennsylvania's Proposed Film Censorship Law--House Bill 1098." Duquesne University Law Review, 4:429-40, Spring 1966. B31
"A few simple amendments to Pennsylvania's Comic Book Act will produce a less radical and far more effective system than the one recommended by House Bill 1098."
[Baldwin, Charles N.]. Report of the Trial of Charles N. Baldwin for a Libel in Publishing, in the Republican Chronicle, Certain Charges of Fraud and Swindling, in the Management of Lotteries in the State of New-York. Containing, the Publications in Relation to This Interesting Subject--The Evidence--The Speeches of the Counsel on Both Sides, and the Charge of His Hon. C. D. Colden, Mayor of the City of New-York, to the Jury. The Trial Commenced on Tuesday the 10th of November, and Lasted Until Friday Morning 2 O'clock, when the Jury Returned a Verdict of "Not guilty . . ." New York, 1818. 124p. B32
Baldwin, Hanson. "Managed News: Our Peacetime Censorship." Atlantic, 211:53-59, April 1963. B33 §
A criticism of the news management policy of the Kennedy administration, which Baldwin charges with increased centralization and restriction of government news and with using such devices as dispensing "exclusive" stories to favored papers, arranging for high-level "leaks," using FBI agents to trace unplanned "leaks," and, during the Cuban crisis, the use of news blackout and deliberate falsehood.
Baldwin, Judith M. Access Laws. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1962. 7p., 11p., 11p., 8p. (Publication nos. 86-89) B34 §
Thirty-four states have laws permitting the public and the press to inspect the records of public bodies and public officials and 28 states have laws stating that meetings of governmental bodies must be open to the public and the press. The author reports on this legislation in 4 monographs: Development (no. 86), Comparison (no. 87), Interpretations (no. 88), and Defeats (no. 89).
Baldwin, Roger N. "The Truth Shall Make You Free." Survey Graphic, 35:498-500, December 1946. B35
The director of the American Civil Liberties Union discusses the forces for international freedom in communications that can be counted upon to combat such obstacles as tariffs and taxes on motion pictures, censorship of films and printed material, copyright complications, discriminatory cable rates, and government control of radio which prevails virtually everywhere outside of the United States.
Ball, Horace G. Law of Copyright and Literary Property. Albany, N.Y., Bender, 1944. 976p. B36
Ball, Joseph A. "Fair Trial." California State Bar Journal, 32:212-25, May-June 1957. B37
A review of the conflict between a fair trial and a free press, with special reference to California. The author urges the State Bar of California "to declare a rule of conduct which will prohibit trial by newspaper, radio, or television."
Ball, W. Macmahon, ed. Press, Radio and World Affairs; Australia's Outlook. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1938. 146p. B38
A series of essays on sources of public opinion in Australia on world affairs. The author criticizes the censorship of radio broadcasting by the government and recommends changes in the law.
Ball, W. Valentine. The Law of Libel as Affecting Newspapers and Journalists. London, Stevens, 1912. 165p. B39 §
A series of lectures on the law of libel presented at the British Institute of Journalists. Topics: What Constitutes a Libel, Construction of Libels, Privilege, Reports of Parliamentary Debates, and Criminal Law of Libel.
-------, and Patrick Browne. The Law of Libel and Slander. 2d ed. London, Stevens, 1936. 229p. B40
Summary of modern English libel law relating to newspapers.
Ball, William. A Briefe Treatise Concerning The Regulating Of Printing, Humbly presented to the Parliament of England. London, 1651. 16p. (Reprinted in Clyde, The Struggle for the Freedom of the Press, pp. 298-313) B41
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An appeal to Parliament to regulate printing, presented in behalf of Mathew Barker, who sought a monopoly in printing the Bible.
Ball, William B. "Legal Aspects of Obscene Literature." Guild of Catholic Psychologists Bulletin, 8:79-87, April 1961. B42
Consideration of the mounting indignation over smutty and violence-inciting material and efforts to stem such publications by private action groups and, on the other hand, the equally indignant protests of those who object to censorship. The author examines in detail and with skepticism the idea that no relationship exists between obscenity and overt sexual misbehavior. He charges that a small body of "anti-restriction" literature is being given undue emphasis.
Ball, William W. The Freedom of the Press in South Carolina and Its Limitations. Columbia, S.C., [1916?]. 15p. (Originally published by the News and Courier of Charleston, S.C., 28 June 1913) B43
Balter, Harry G. "Freedom of Speech and Press Prevail in Clash with Court's Contempt Power." California State Bar Journal, 17:8-13, January 1942. B45
By a 5 to 4 decision, the U. S. Supreme Court in the "Bridges" and the Times cases, "dramatically reaffirms broadest principles of freedom of speech and freedom of press in the very teeth of war emergency."
-------."Some Observations Concerning the Federal Obscenity Statute." Southern California Law Review, 8:267-87, June 1935. B46
Deals with federal regulation of the use of the mails for transmittal of books, papers, letters, pictures, or other written matter which has been declared by federal statutes to be non-mailable.
The Bang. New York, 1907-17. Weekly. Edited by Alexander Harvey. B47
The entire eight-page issue of this radical paper was frequently devoted to questions relating to freedom of speech or the press. For example, the industrial dispute at Paterson, N.J. (11 October 1915); John S. Sumner and the New York vice society (28 February 1916); ridicule of judicial tests of obscenity (6 March 1916); and postal censorship against Socialists (16 July 1917).
"Bang! You're Dead or You're Dead, Bang!" Broadcasting, 61(6):62-74, 7 August 1961. B48
Account of a symposium on freedom and responsibility in broadcasting, held at Northwestern University.
Banks, William. "The Press Censorship." Canadian Magazine, 46:152-55, December 1915. B49
Press censorship in Canada during World War I.
"Banned, Branded, Burned: Partial List of Writers and Artists Whose Works Have Been Banned, Branded, or Burned in the Recent Period by Federal, State and Local Officials in the United States." Masses and Mainstream, 6:10-13, August 1953. B50
Following the list, the journal reprints the "Freedom to Read" statement formulated by the American Library Association and the American Book Publishers Council.
Banning, Margaret C. "Filth on the Newsstand." Reader's Digest, 61:115-19, October 1952. B51
"The volume of public protest at the sexy and debasing magazines grows. Can publishers and distributors police themselves or must we have an unwanted and possibly undiscriminating censorship?"
-------. "The Restricted Shelf: Censorship's Last Stand." Saturday Review, 19:3-4+, 29 October 1938. Reply by G. F. Bowerman, Saturday Review, 19:9, 12 November 1938. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 320-23) B52 §
A novelist and essayist condemns the practice in some public libraries of having a "restricted shelf," largely for books on sex. "If the restricted shelf cannot be abandoned, and fear of aldermen will take care of that for a while, the shelf should be made useful. It should not be a patchwork of prejudice but a shelf containing books for which some prerequisite of reading is necessary." Librarian Bowerman comments favorably on Mrs. Banning's article, noting that books are often placed on restricted shelves not so much to protect the reader but to prevent the books from being stolen.
-------. "The Side of the Angels." ALA Bulletin, 47:391-92+, October 1953. B53 §
Mrs. Banning defends her testimony before the House of Representatives Committee investigating pornography. She describes her study of the "girlie" magazines on the newsstands and reiterates the opinion that they are an affront to decency, and should be subject to vigorous police enforcement under the obscenity laws. She calls for adequate control within the magazine publishing industry. The only really effective method of defeating pornography, however, is the development of a sense of discrimination and a sense of value in the home, in the school, and through support of libraries.
"The Banning of Books in Boston." Publishers Weekly, 111:1254-55, 19 March 1927. B54
Booksellers are protecting themselves from threatened prosecution by withdrawing many books from sale. Books recently withdrawn include The Rebel Bird (Diana Patrick), The Hard-Boiled Virgin (Frances Newman), Marriage Bed (Ernest Pascal), and The Beadle (Pauline Smith). References are made to censorship activities of the Boston Booksellers' Committee.
"Banning the Sale of Literature, 1814 and 1944." Wilson Library Bulletin, 19:213, November 1944. B55
Printed side-by-side are (1) a statement by Thomas Jefferson, made 19 April 1814, expressing mortification that efforts have been made to suppress a book by M. de Bécourt and affirming the right of every man to read what he pleases, and (2) a resolution adopted by the Massachusetts Library Association, 12 May 1944, deploring police censorship in Boston and reminding the public that "in the long run the best and most effective suppression of objectionable books results from voluntary action by individuals in refusing to buy or countenance them."
Barber, Owen G. "Competition, Free Speech, and the FCC Network Regulations." George Washington Law Review, 12:34-53, November 1943. B56
[Barber, William E.]. "Censorship." In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 13th ed., 1926, vol. 1 of sup., pp. 559-60. B57
British censorship during World War I.
Barco, George J. "'The Free Press' and 'A Fair Trial.'" Pennsylvania Bar Association Quarterly, 31:63-77, October 1959. B58
A general discussion of the controversy over Canon 35 of the American Bar Association and the implications of the various positions taken by the bar and the press.
Bard, Isaiah S. Section 315 of the Communications Act of 1934 and the Presidential Election of 1952. New York, New York University, 1956. 292p. (Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, no. 21, 692) B59
Barker, Ambrose G. Henry Hetherington (1792-1849). London, Issued for the Secular Society by the Pioneer Press, [1938]. 62p. B60
Hetherington played a leading role in the struggle for an untaxed newspaper press in England during the 1830's, issuing his Poor Man's Guardian in defiance of the tax law.
[Barker, Jacob]. Suspension of the National Advocate. New Orleans, Estafette du Sud Printing Office, 1863. 12p. (English and French texts) B61
The publication of the National Advocate "was suspended by Major General Butler's Special Order No. 513, from a mistaken view taken of the opinions I had advanced, in relation to foreign intervention. This being satisfactorily explained, the publication was allowed to be resumed after a single day's suspension." The correspondence between Editor Jacob Barker and Major General Butler ensues.
Barker, Lucius, and Twiler W. Barker, Jr. Freedoms, Courts, Politics: Studies in Civil Liberties. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1965. 320p. B62
Includes discussions of civil liberties problems in the following areas: religion and the public schools freedom of speech and assembly, obscenity and freedom of expression (Alberts v. California), communism, race relations, and right of counsel. "In addition to the role of judges, legislators, and administrators, the book also describes (1) how civil liberty problems arise, (2) the role of organized interest groups, (3) the impact of community attitudes and public opinion, and (4) what happens after a court decision is made, especially reactions to the decision and attempts to comply with, circumvent, or overcome it."
Barkley, John. Report of the Trial of John Barkley, (one of the shop-men of Richard Carlile,) prosecuted by the Constitutional Association for publishing a Seditious and Blasphemous Libel . . . London, Printed by R. and A. Taylor and published by Effingham Wilson, 1822. 20p. (A second edition the same year includes the proceedings in the House of Commons on the petition of the defendant) B63
Barkley, one of the volunteer clerks who operated Carlile's bookshop when the latter was in prison, was brought before Common Sergeant Newman Knowlys, found guilty, and sentenced to six months in prison.
Barkocy, Michael A. "Censorship against Time and Life International Editions." Journalism Quarterly, 40:517-24, Autumn 1963. B64
"During the past 23 years Time or Life has been censored abroad 857 times. The author analyzes the types of censoring, by countries, and the reasons for the actions, using the files of Time-Life International."
Barksdale, N. P. "Why and How Censor?" Wilson Library Bulletin, 15:380-81, 1 January 1941. B65
The librarian should "worry less about the printed page and think more about developing an open, critical attitude in the reader."
Barlow, Samuel L. M. "The Censor of Art." North American Review, 213: 346-50, March 1921. B66
The trial of James Branch Cabell's Jurgen in New York, at the instigation of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, forms the basis of the author's discussion. Bringing Jurgen to trial violates the constitutional right of the author to be tried by a jury of his peers. While America is faced with local Comstock laws affecting literature, Great Britain is faced with stage censorship by central authorities. The author quotes Arnold Bennett as saying of stage censorship: "The existence of the censorship makes it impossible for me to even think of writing plays on the same plane of realism and thoroughness as my novels." And H. G. Wells: "The censorship, with its wanton powers of suppression, has ever been one of the reasons why I haven't ventured into play-writing." The author believes that the people can be trusted to support good literature and drama and to reject the indecent without aid of censor.
Barnard, Thomas. Observations on the Proceeding of the Friends of the Liberty of the Press, &c. Dec. 22, 1792. And an Answer to Mr. Erskine's Speech, of January 19, 1793. London, J. Evans, 1793. 39p. B67
On 22 December 1792 a group of gentlemen assembled at Free Mason's Tavern as the Friends of the Freedom of the Press. They passed nine resolutions with respect to a free press and heard an address by Thomas Erskine who had recently defended Thomas Paine for the publication of his Rights of Man. The author of this pamphlet criticizes the assemblage and expresses support of the constitutional societies in much the same vein as his contemporary, John Bowles.
[Barnes, Edward]. "Newspapers--and the Stamp Question." British Quarterly Review, 15:135-62, February 1852. B68
Commentary on the report of the House of Commons Select Committee on Newspaper Stamps (1851), listing the various objections to a stamp tax--difficulties in defining a "newspaper," evasions, limitation of the circulation of papers, discrimination against the poor, and the major objection that "news" is not a fit subject for taxation.
Barnes, Harry Elmer. The Struggle Against the Historical Blackout. Cooperstown, N.Y., Privately printed, 1950. 87p. B69
The author charges that efforts were made to suppress facts about our entry into World War II.
-------, and Oreen M. Ruedi. The American Way of Life. 2d ed. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1950. 931p. B70
A chapter on censorship includes: nature and development, types, obscenity and libel laws, political censorship, and restrictions in radio and the movies.
Barns, Margarita. The Indian Press; A History of Public Opinion in India. London, Allen & Unwin, 1940. 491p. B71
Barnstein, Harold. British Press Council. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1963. 6p. (Publication no. 96) B72
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An appraisal of the work of the British Press Council, established in 1953 as an outgrowth of a recommendation of the first Royal Commission on the Press in Britain. References are made to the two Royal Commissions on the Press (the report of the second appeared in 1962), the Pilkington report on British broadcasting, and the report of the Hutchins Commission in the United States. "The British Press Council and proposed councils in other countries are beset by many of the same difficulties: controversy over composition; lack of influence over the press if the council cannot level sanctions, and cries of 'censorship' if it can and does; and the threat to freedom of the press through enlargement of the council with possible government involvement."
-------. Broadcast Self-Regulation. Columbia Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1962. 13p. (Publication no. 91) B73 §
A survey of noncode members of the National Association of Broadcasters (stations that chose not to subscribe to the NAB Code) and a discussion of the broadcast industry's self-regulatory efforts.
Barnum, Phineas T. Liberty of the Press. The Nation's Bulwark. Oration on the Freedom of the Press. On the Liberation of P. T. Barnum, Editor of the Herald of Freedom, from Imprisonment, for an Alleged Libel. New Haven, Conn., 1832. B74 §
Three times in 3 years young Barnum was prosecuted for libel for his frank and caustic accusations against citizens of Bethel and Danbury, Conn. In the first trial the jury did not agree; in the second he was fined; in the third he was given a sentence of 60 days in Danbury jail for describing Seth Seelye, a local deacon, as a "canting hypocrite" and accusing him of exacting "usurious interest" from an orphan boy. In his autobiography Barnum describes the incident and the celebration following his release from prison.
Barr, Stringfellow. "Censorship in a Dialectical Republic." In John Cogley, Religion in America. New York, World, 1958, pp. 208-22. B75
Censorship is the most crucial case of conflict between church and state in a free society. It is only justified as a means of preventing monopoly of the dialectical process and not as a means of preventing "the preaching of false doctrine." The author agrees with Plato that censorship is proper in the guardianship of minors, but that there is no excuse for protecting grown men and women. He criticizes religious pressure groups that attempt to silence opinion by manipulation of power rather than by persuasion. We ought to hold the aesthetic dialectic (literature and art) as well as the political dialectic free from the censor.
Barrett, C. R. B. "Napoleon I and the British Press." Royal United Service Institution Journal (London), 61:814-19, November 1916. B76
A study to determine the extent to which careless publication of naval and military intelligence in the British press was beneficial to Napoleon. The emperor restricted the press of France but took advantage of a free press in England.
Barrett, Cyril. "Censorship." Studies; An Irish Quarterly Review, 53:149-58, Summer 1964. B77
The author considers the conflict between art and morality in appraising works of art and literature and questions the logic in exempting them from censorship. "It is possible to censor a work (and so satisfy the moralists) while at the same time admitting that it is a work of art and even, as far as the artist is concerned, morally irreproachable. On the other hand, it is possible to allow for the circulation of work among certain sections of the public however reprehensible the artist's intentions . . . Thus the moral merits and demerits will be decided on moral grounds, and the artistic merits and defects on artistic grounds." He rejects the idea that art and immorality are any more incompatible than art and morality.
Barrett, Edward L. The Tenney Committee; Legislative Investigation of Subversive Activities in California. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1951. 400p. B78
Numerous references to attacks on books, magazines, and school texts that were considered subversive.
-------, Paul W. Bruton, and John Honnold. Constitutional Law; Cases and Materials. Brooklyn, Foundation Press, 1959. 1225p. B79
Chapter 10 deals with freedom of expression--control of subversive speech; defamatory, obscene communications and problems of censorship. In the area of sedition, the Schenck case is included; in the area of scandal and obscenity the following cases are included: Near v. Minnesota (Saturday Press), Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (The Miracle, film); Roth v. United States, Alberts v. California, and Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown. Also included is the case of Beauharnais v. Illinois, involving group libel.
Barrett, Edward W., and John O. Pastore. "Is Speech on Television Really Free?" TV Guide, 11:22-25, 18 April 1964. B80 §
Views on the "fairness doctrine."
Barrett, Wilton A. "The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures; How It Works." Journal of Educational Sociology, 10:177-88, November 1936. B81
The executive secretary of the Board describes the work of this volunteer citizen group, organized to review films in New York City before they are released for general exhibition to the public.
-------. "The Work of the National Board of Review." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 128:175-86, November 1926. B82 §
A summary of the work of this voluntary film reviewing agency.
"Barriers to Free Flow of Information; Summary of Discussions at Third Session of Sub-commission on Freedom of Information and the Press." U. N. Bulletin, 7:22-25, 1 July 1949. B83
Barrington, Margaret. "The Censorship in Eire." Commonweal, 46:429-32, 15 August 1947. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 398-402.) B84 §
This Irish writer, wife of novelist Liam O'Flaherty, reviews the current Irish censorship and includes a partial listing of authors who are banned.
Barron, Jerome A. "The Constitutional Status of Freedom of Speech and Press in Canada: The History of a Quiet Revolution." Northwestern University Law Review, 58:73-106, March-April 1963. B85
The author describes the "rise of a judicially created theory of implied constitutional protection" for political freedoms, including the freedom of the press. Such a development parallels the American constitutional pattern and illustrates the generative power of the American Bill of Rights. In recent years "the Jehovah's Witnesses have been responsible for a line of decisions by the Supreme Court which have partially constructed an implied Bill of Rights for Canada."
Barrus, Clara. Whitman and Burroughs, Comrades. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1931. 392p. B86
Chapter 13, The Suppression of Leaves of Grass, deals with the action by Boston authorities in suppressing the 1882 edition of that work.
Barry, John. Erotic Censorship. Springfield, Mass., Victory Publishing Co., 1958. 23p. B87
An impassioned personal plea to join the fight against censorship.
Barry, Richard. "Freedom of the Press?" North American Review, 208:702-9, November 1918. B88
The author urges the press to exercise its rights to freedom of opinion, despite the threat of post-office censorship.
Barry, William. "The Censorship of Fiction. Dublin Review, 144:111-31, January 1909. B89
The author condemns the immoral literature that is "spreading like a pestilence over the land." While the Home Office should keep a firm control on vile literature, plays, and photographs, the law alone cannot solve the problem and a censor is unlikely to flourish. Parents and teachers should unite in a purity crusade against moral anarchy. "No efforts can be too speedy or too strenuous to prevent [Pagan democracy's] chief instrument of propaganda, romantic fiction, from poisoning the source of a better life by its atheism and ethical disease."
Barth, Alan. "Freedom and the Press." Progressive, 26(6):29-33, June 1962. B90
"A press which serves faithfully and fearlessly as a censor of the government is a source of great national strength." Adopted from his paper, The Press as Censor of Government, delivered as the first Nieman Chair Lecture, College of Journalism, Marquette University.
-------. "Freedom from Contempt." Nieman Reports, 3(2):11-16, April 1949. B91
The U.S. Supreme Court of the 1940's redefined freedom of the press along libertarian principles through three decisions: Bridges v. California, Pennekamp v. Florida, and Craig v. Harney. The decisions "grant to newspapers a virtual immunity from discipline by judges through summary contempt proceedings, at least so far as out-of-court editorial comment is concerned."
-------. The Government and the Press; Sixth Annual Memorial Lecture, Sponsored by the Twin Cities Local, American Newspaper Guild, CIO, and School of Journalism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, December 5, 1952. [Minneapolis, 1953]. 14p. (Annual Memorial Lecture no. 6) B92 §
-------. "Position of the Press in a Free Society." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 250:82-88, March 1947. B93 §
The author discusses the basic American doctrine of a free press in relation to economic limitations and the services it actually performs.
-------. The Price of Liberty. New York, Viking, 1961. 212p. B94 §
Hazards to freedom of speech and the press, arising from Congressional investigations.
-------. "The Significance of Free Communication Today." In Freedom of Communication; Proceedings of the First Conference on Intellectual Freedom . . . Chicago, American Library Association, 1954, pp. 19-24. B95 §
Barth, Roger V. "Pennsylvania--A Cinematic Gomorrah?" Buffalo Law Review, 11:389-96, Winter 1962. B96
A discussion of the situation in Pennsylvania where a series of judicial decisions "have done much to preclude any formal control over the quality of movie films which may be exhibited. Pennsylvania is here examined because of a recent decision of its Supreme Court, William Goldman Theatres, Inc. v. Dana, and because its present situation reflects the increased reliance which must now be placed on informal means of control in this important area."
Barthelemy, J. Respectfully Submitted to the State Convention of A.D. 1846, by a Victim of the Mal-administration of Criminal Justice in New York; Flagrant Subversion of the Liberty of the Press. New York, Printed by Michael Z. O'Connor, 1846. 24p. B97
Bartholomew, Paul C. "Movie Censorship and the Supreme Court." Michigan State Bar Journal, 40(8):10-16, August 1961. B98
A review of the court's interpretation of movie censorship from the 1915 Mutual Film Corp. case through the Times Film Corp. case of 1961.
Bartholomew, Robert O. Report of Censorship of Motion Pictures and of Investigation of Motion Picture Theaters of Cleveland, 1913. Cleveland, Council of City of Cleveland, 1913. 32p. B99
The Cleveland censor of motion pictures, at the request of Mayor Newton D. Baker, made a study of censorship of films, and an inspection of movie theaters. He recommends that all films circulating in the city be censored. State censorship is preferable, but if a pending state bill does not pass Cleveland should establish its own censorship board.
Bartlett, James. "Press Censorship." Fortnightly, l58 (n.s.):253-59, October 1945. B100
A brief history of censorship of British foreign correspondents. Wartime censorship was first experienced at the end of the Crimean War when Whitehall lost its tolerance for free reporting. In the 1920's newspapermen abroad began to find themselves hampered when reporting nonmilitary affairs because of restrictions in countries in which they were posted.
-------."World Free Press." Fortnightly, 157 (n.s.):296-302, May 1945. B101
A British journalist sees in government controls the greatest threat to a free press in the postwar years.
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