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Abbott, Clarence M. "How They 'Censor' the Films at the National Board of Censorship." Motion Picture Magazine, 12(10):109-12, September 1917. A1 §
How the National Board in New York operates as an industry-wide voluntary censor of films. Accompanying cartoons by McNeel lampoon the censor, but the editor notes they are not aimed at the National Board but at the menace of official censors.
Abbott, Lawrence F. "The Roosevelt Libel Suit." Outlook, 104:325-29, 14 June 1913. A2 §
A libel suit brought by Theodore Roosevelt against George A. Newett in Marquette, Mich. Newett had published a vicious personal attack on Roosevelt. Token damages were awarded to the former President when the defense conceded the falseness of the publication.
Abbott, Leonard D. "Historical Side of the Birth Control Movement." Mother Earth, II:451-56, April 1916. A3 §
Deals with the legal suppression of information on birth control in the United States and Europe and with the defiance of the restrictive laws.
-------."Reflections on Emma Goldman's Trial." Mother Earth, II:504-7, May 1916. A4 §
Trial and conviction of the anarchist leader, Emma Goldman, for disseminating birth control information.
-------. "Sanger Case." Mother Earth, 9: 379-80, February 1915.10: 451-52, March 1915. A5
William Sanger was arrested in New York for giving birth control information to an agent provocateur.
"About a Book Named Tropic: Boston Courtroom Scene." Evergreen Review, 28:81-84, January-February 1963. A6
The scene takes place in a courtroom in Boston as part of a drama entitled "Edward J. McCormack, Jr., Attorney General v. A Book Named Tropic of Cancer." The cast: Ephraim London, attorney for the defense; Judge J. Goldberg; and Professor Harry T. Moore, witness for the defense. This excerpt from the court transcript is preceded by a poem by Anselm Hollo entitled "A Warrant Is Out for the Arrest of Henry Miller."
Abrams, Ray H. "The Jeffersonian, Copper head Newspaper; a Case of Attempt at Suppression." Bill of Rights Review, 2: 284-89, Summer 1942. A7
In August 1861 a mob destroyed the offices of theJeffersonian, a copperhead paper published in West Chester, Pa. Four days later the editor was arrested and brought to trial, charged with aiding and abetting the insurrection. The court exonerated him and ordered the restoration of his property. Editor John Hodgson sued the U.S. marshal for trespassing and won the case. The decision of the court represented a dispassionate appraisal of the freedom of the press during a period when wartime hysteria prevailed.
Abse, D. W. "Psychodynamic Aspects of the Problem of Definition of Obscenity."Law and Contemporary Problems, 20:572-86,Autumn 1955. A8 §
A psychiatrist considers the pathological conditions in which obscenity often figures; he explores the realm of the ugly "of which obscenity is a sub-species"; and suggests that the problem resolves itself into "setting a standard which both protects generally against noxious effect upon public taste without pandering to the pathological hypersensitive and does not threaten frustration of the artist in society." The author discusses Lady Chatterley's Lover, saying that its fine craftsmanship and sincerity are in contrast with pornography "that simply encourages people to luxuriate in morbid, regressive, sexual-sadistic fantasy."
"Absurdity of the Obscenity Laws." Physical Culture, 17:85-88, January 1907. A9 §
The editor of Physical Culture was arrested on charges of obscenity because of the scantily dressed muscle men appearing on the pages of the magazine.
"Access to Official Information-A Neglected Constitutional Right." Indiana Law Journal, 27:209-30, Winter 1950. A10
The author cites numerous examples of withholding public information, which he believes is a serious threat to democratic principles of government. Public officials should be imbued with a sense of responsibility to communicate their actions to the people. He calls for judicial recognition of the basic right to information.
Achorn, Robert C. "The Censors Have a Law." American Editor, 2(3):50-52, October 1958. A11
A critical look at the recently created Obscene Literature Advisory Commission of Massachusetts. When a publication seems to the Commission to violate the state's obscenity laws, the Attorney General is so advised.
Achwal, Madhao B. "The Literary Aspect of Obscenity." Quest (Bombay),26:19-25, July-September 1960. A12
"The criteria of literary work, in so far as it is an expression, cannot be ethical or social, they can only be aesthetic." But a work of literature is also a "social fact" when it becomes an agent in communicating and involves the experience of the reader. The total impact of a literary work depends upon both the nature of the work and the individual reading it.
Ackerly, Will W. "Constitutional Freedom of Speech and of the Press." Case and Comment, 22:457-60, November 1915. A13
The right of freedom of speech and the press as guaranteed by the First Amendment is not to "unbridled license" but is subject to certain "necessary and reasonable restrictions." A review of judicial decisions.
Ackermann, Carl W. "Freezing the Press; Freedom of Speech but Not Freedom to Speak." Vital Speeches, 9: 50-52,1 November 1942. A14 §
The dean of the Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University, charges that the United States government since the beginning of World War II has restricted and limited freedom of the press so that "today the press is frozen by law, by censorship, by directives, by decrees and by executive action. In all governmental affairs the press is free only to report what is officially released. Editors and publishers are free to comment and to criticize. They are not free to investigate the war effort or to crusade and to report their findings."
-------. "How Free Is the American Press?" Vital Speeches, 7: 541-43, 15 June 1941. (Reprinted in Summers, Wartime Censorship, pp. 234-39.) A15 §
While the government in time of war has the power through legislation to control the press, there should be close cooperation between government and press to avoid a rigid official censorship.
-------. "Keeping American News Lines Open." In Problems of Journalism; Proceedings of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Washington, D.C., ASNE, 1941, pp. 135-41. A16
The author urges the ASNE to take an active role in working for a free and responsible press.
-------."The Prelude to War." Annals of the American Academy of Political and SocialScience, 192:38-41,July 1937. A17
The surest safeguard against war is "to protect the freedom of the newspapers, the press associations and the radio from every attempt to manage or to control them by any group in government, in politics, in labor, in industry, or in public affairs."
-------. "Relation of News to Global Peace; Freedom of International Communication." Vital Speeches, 9: 247-50, 1 February 1943. A18 §
In an address at Haverford College, Dean Ackerman urges freedom of the press in the postwar world. Control over news is a certain prelude to war.
-------. "Shall We Control the Press and Radio?" Vital Speeches, 4:382-84, 1 April 1938. Al9
Comments on the German demand for press peace pacts with foreign governments, which would provide official control of the printed and spoken words of their respective citizens. Such a pact would be a violation of the United States Constitution. Included is the text of Dean Ackerman's letter on this subiect addressed to Otto Dietrich, Reich press chief.
"The Act of Censorship." Commonweal, 68: 139--40, 9 May 1958. A20 §
An editorial which defends the right to censor but is critical of Catholics who may be "moved by zeal rather than prudence" in their action.
"Action for Freedom of Information." U.N.Bulletin, 7:241-45, 1 September 1949. A21
"Ranging from study on corrective measures against war propaganda to procedures for dealing with communications, the Economic and Social Council made important recommendations in 16 resolutions on freedom of information and of the press." The resolutions grew out of the UN Conference on Freedom of Information at Geneva in 1948 and the third session of the Subcommission on Freedom of Information and of the Press.
Ad Hoc Committee [on The Nation]. An Appeal to Reason and Conscience. New York, The Committee, 1948. Broadside. A22
A statement of opposition and protest to the ban on The Nation in public high schools by the New York City Board of Education. The statement was endorsed by 34 organizations and 72 individuals, including leading lawyers, educators, government officials, editors, and scholars.
Adair, James. Discussion of the Law of Libels as at Present Received, in which Its Authenticity is Examined with Identical Observations on the Legal Effect of Precedent and Authority. London, Printed for T. Cadell, 1785. 97 p. A23
This moderate Whig lawyer joined Erskine in the defense of William Stone on trial for treason in 1796. Adair was also counsel for the defense in the Junius trials. He maintained that only works that were actually injurious to the public or created a breach of the peace should be considered libelous. A fear of the French Revolution, however, brought Adair into the prosecution against Horne Tooke and Thomas Hardy.
Adam, Kenneth. "Freemen of the Press?" Fortnightly, 144 (n.s.):34--41, July 1938. A24 §
Although public officials profess to admire and uphold freedom of the press, they often administer restrictions that are particularly troublesome to working journalists. The article discusses such factors as the British Official Secrets Act, the Judicial Proceedings Act of 1926, and British laws against libel and contempt of court.
Adams, Elbridge L. "Right of Privacy and Its Relation to the Law of Libel." American Law Review, 39: 57-58, January-February 1905. A25
Adams, Franklin P. "Freedom of the Press." New Republic,94:15,9 February 1938. A26 §
A brief tale of a reporter who was fired for refusal to write an editorial that his boss wanted.
Adams, J. Donald. "Freedom of the Press." Tomorrow (New York), (4):20-23, December 1944. A27
The author considers the Newspaper Guild movement a dangerous threat to press freedom.
Adams, John. "Ostracised Frankness in America." Bookman (London), 64:224-25, August 1923. A28
The best evidence of freedom of the press in America is the free circulation of Upton Sinclair's Brass Check, a work violently critical of the press. Because of Sinclair's free use of actual names the work would have resulted in a libel suit if published in Britain.
Adams, Samuel H. "Appollyon v. Pollyana." New Republic, 30 (sup):2-3,12 April 1922. A29
A brief satirical essay on the League for Promotion of Purity.
[Adcock, A. St. John]. "Books That Have Been Banned." Bookman (London), 74: 26-28, April 1928. A30
"You cannot suppress an evil by driving it underground; it usually flourishes longer there than it would have done if you had left it to look paltry and wilt in the common cleanness of the sunlight." Among the stupid misjudgments of the censor was the banning of the literary works of Theodore Dreiser.
Addison, Alexander. Analysis of the Report of the Committee of the Virginia Assembly, on the Proceedings of Sundry of the Other States in Answer to Their Resolutions. Philadelphia, Z. Poulson, Jr., 1800. 54p. A31
A defense of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and a criticism of the Virginia Resolutions by a political iudge who was later (1803) impeached and removed from the bench on charges of slander in court.
Liberty of Speech and of the Press. A Charge to the Grand Juries of the County Courts of the Fifth Circuit of the State of Pennsylvania. Albany, Loring Andrews, [1798]. 16p. A32
A defense of the doctrine of seditious libel under the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.
[Addison, Joseph]. The Thoughts of a Tory Author, Concerning the Press: With the Opinion of the Ancients and Moderns, about Freedom of Speech and Writing And an Historical Account of the Usage it has met with from Both Parties in England. London, Printed for A. Baldwin, 1712.33p. A33
In a vein of "easy irony" the author defends the right of citizens to criticize their government, provided the expression is kept under reasonable restraints of the common law. The work is ascribed by T. Holt White to Joseph Addison, who made similar arguments at about the same time in The Spectator. In No. 451 of that journal, Addison condemns pernicious libels against public officials, but blames the reader and distributor of libels as much as their author. The scurrility of the British press has given Britain the reputation among foreigners as "a nation of monsters." While condemning libelous works, Addison opposes any law against anonymity. To require that all publications be signed by their authors would effectively suppress all printed scandal but would also destroy learning as well-"it would root up the corn and the tares together."
An address of the Minority in the Virginia Legislature to the People of That State; Containing a Vindication of the Constitutionality of the alien and Sedition Laws. [n.p., 1799?].16p. A34 §
On 21 December 1798, the majority in the Virginia House of Delegates had passed resolutions prepared by James Madison, condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts and defending the freedom of the press.
An address to the People of Virginia, Respecting the Alien & Sedition Laws. By a Citizen of This State. Richmond, Va., Augustine Davis, 1798.63p. A35
The work has been attributed to Thomas Evans of Virginia.
Adler, Julius O. "The Free Press versus the Slave Press." Vital Speeches, 20:14-16,15 October 1953. A36 §
To rule intelligently the people must know the facts. "Democracy will survive as a system of government only where the individual citizen has access to all information that is necessary for sound judgment and decision."
Adler, Mortimer J. Art and Prudence. New York, Longmans, Green, 1937. 686p.A37
Numerous references in the volume to censorship of art forms. Adler agrees with Milton that no form of literature can ever be by itself the essential cause of either vice or virtue. "Literature can only provide the matter, as does the rest of life, upon which the powers of the human soul must work for good or evil. Literature and kindred arts, therefore, perform an indispensable service of public education which is hindered, for the most part without any demonstrable profit, by censorship and control."
"Administrative Censorship of Motion Pictures." Iowa Law Review, 47:162-68, Fall 1961. A38
Deals with the case of Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago, 81 Sup. Ct. 391 (1961), and related cases involving film licensing.
The Adult; A Journal for the Free Discussion of Tabooed Topics. London, Legitimation League, 1897-99. Monthly. A39
The first editor was George Bedborough. When he was arrested in 1898 for the sale of Havelock Ellis' Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Henry Seymour assumed the editorship. The short-lived journal crusaded for sexual freedom-the sexual emancipation of women birth control, and sex education for the masses. It carried articles by such writers as Edwin C. Walker, Orford Northcotte, Tennessee Claflin (Lady Cook), William Platt, Lucy Stewart, and Lillian Harman. It reported news of attacks against the distribution of sex literature in England and the United States, including the case of Abner J. Pope and Moses Harman and, finally, the Bedborough case. Reports on the latter filled most of the second volume. The journal came to an ill-fated end when its founder, George Bedborough, deserted the cause of sex education and by pleading guilty of obscenity charges embarrassed the Free Press Defence Committee that supported him.
Advertising Federation of America. Facts You Should Know about Anti-Advertising Propaganda in School Textbooks. New York,The Federation, 1940. 10p. A40
An attack on school textbooks, particularly those of Harold O. Rugg, which were allegedly damaging to the advertising industry. The pamphlet asks the reader to investigate the textbooks in his community to determine their sympathy or lack of sympathy with free enterprise.
"Advertising Groups Pursuing Professor Rugg's Books." Publishers' Weekly, 138:1322-23, 28 September 1940. A41
An account of the attack launched by the Advertising Federation of America on textbooks written by Harold O. Rugg, because discussions of advertising in them allegedly reflected ideas of the Consumers Union and the U.S. Bureau of Standards. The American Legion joined in the attack.
"Aediles Were Busy This Summer." Wilson Library Bulletin, 38:21-22, September 1963. A42
Summary of recent events in censorship, including action against Fanny Hill (New York), Tropic of Cancer (California), Dictionary of American Slang (California), and The Last Temptation of Christ (California and New York).
L'Affaire Lolita; Defense de l'Ecrivain. Paris, Olympia Press, 1957. 105 p. A43
Although mainly an account of the difficulties encountered in France with the publication of Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, there is a section on international censorship and references to the admission of Lolita through American Customs.
"Again the Literary Censor." Nation, III:343,25 September 1920. A44
Discusses the New York vice society's action against James B. Cabell's Jurgen. While pitiably sincere, the vice societies are stupid and unable to distinguish between good literature and nasty books.
Agar, Herbert. "The British Press: Less and Less News Is Considered Fit to Print." Column Review, 8(1):1-4, March 1939. A45
A discussion of self-censorship exercised by the British press through their Publishers' Association.
-------. "If Freedom of the Press is to Endure." Quill, 26 (10) : 3, 14, October 1938. A46
Newpapers must bear a certain burden and must live up to certain responsibilities if freedom of the press is to endure.
Agler, Raymond B. " 'Problem' Books Revisited." Library Journal, 89:2019-30,15 May 1964. Reply by R. S. Bravard, 89:2470+, 15 June 1964. A47 §
A survey in depth of the small public library's book selection practices in controversial areas. Fifty-six libraries in four suburban Philadelphia counties responded to questionnaires relating to the handling of 20 fiction and 24 nonfiction titles. The study revealed that "no small segment of these librarians yielded to the pressures of anticipated trouble. Others relied on word-of-mouth criticism in forming their decision not to buy."
Agnew, L. R. C. "Celtic Twilight: The Irish Censorship of Publications Act, 1946." Kansas Business Review, 15(3):5-7 March 1962. A48 §
The author describes his recent experiences in Ireland, observing the suppression of literature in accordance with the Register of Prohibited Publications, an index which contains the names of many important works of modern literature.
Agronsky, Martin. "Armor-Plated Thought Control." New Republic, 120: 10--11,9 May 1949. A49
Criticism of the first general order of the Public Information Office of the newly organized Department of Defense, which "applies military censorship to hundreds of thousands of members of the National Military Establishment" in time of peace.
Ahrens, Maurice. "Freedom to Learn: Censorship and Learning Materials." Social Education, 17:165--70,April 1953. A50
Deals with the use of controversial materials in the teaching of the social studies. The author recommends as a desirable practice the involvement of representative groups of citizens in the selection of controversial material and the keeping of the community informed regarding this method of teaching students about controversial issues.
Albig, William. Modern Public Opinion. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1956. 518p. A51
A new work, incorporating some of the material in the author's earlier text, Public Opinion. Chapters 12 and 13 deal with censorship. Of special interest is a chart (p. 244), Levels of Censorship in the United States. The author concludes that censorship is "based upon folk beliefs rather than upon data provided by social science."
-------.Public Opinion. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1939. 486p. A52
Chapters 14 and 15 of this textbook discuss the various pressure groups (governmental, religious, social, and economic) which exert influence and control upon the formation and spread of ideas.
Alden, Edmund K. "Benjamin Franklin Bache." In Dictionary of American Biography, vol. I, pp. 462-63. A53 §
A brief biography of the grandson of Benjamin Franklin (1769-98), who, as editor of the Jeffersonian paper, the Aurora, was arrested under the Sedition Act of 1798.
Aldington, Richard. Balls and Another Book for Suppression. London, L. Lahr, 1930. 13 p. (Blue Moon Booklets, no. 7.) A54
Following a humorous essay on "the Purity of our Public and Private life with balls," is a satirical essay on "Another Book for Suppression by Our Moral Expert in Literature." The imaginary expert reviews Shakespeare's Songs, which he finds disgusting and filthy-minded. "Whether he be in the pay of Moscow I know not, but who can doubt that a Communist wrote [the poem]." He calls on Scotland Yard to take "stern action in this flagrant case."
-------."Freedom of the Press." In his Artifex; Sketches and Ideas. London, Chatto & Windus, 1935, pp. 96-112. A55
"The English law of libel was apparently designed for the discouragement of fiction, and the plaintiff always wins unless he happens to be an author." The opinion of the policeman is preferred over that of the literary expert in English courts of law. Not since the prosecution of Havelock Ellis have the courts prosecuted a scientist for obscenity. It is always the artist who is forbidden to write about sex. Aldington finds censorship a form of sadism, with the censor gaining satisfaction in destruction. The more popular the art form and the more widely read or attended, the greater are the chances of censorship. While acts of physical love may be censored as obscene, the most gruesome murder scenes are permitted. However, "the existence of a censorship of books seems a very trivial matter" in an era where the real grief is the absence of passionately creative artists.
Aldred, Guy A. Dogmas Discarded; Revised, Extended, and, in Parts, Abridged from an autobiographical Fragment Published in 1908; Author's 1909 Trial for Sedition Affixed. London, Bakunin Press, 1913. 31p. A56
Aldred was sentenced to a year's imprisonment for writing and publishing "certain scandalous and seditious libel" in the Indian Sociologist for August 1909, a journal of the Indian nationalist movement. Aldred's views on Indian independence and his expressions of philosophical anarchism were the basis of the prosecution. Aldred conducted his own defense.
-------."Introductory Account of Guy Aldred's Trial for Sedition." In his Representation and the State. London, Bakuonin Press, 1910. 23p. (Pamphlets for the Proletarian, no. 10,pp. 3-9.) A57
Another account of the author's 1909 trial for sedition..
-------. Rex v. Aldred; London Trial, 1909, Indian Sedition: Glasgow Sedition Trial, 1921.Glasgow, Strickland Press, 1948. 64p. A58
An account of the various sedition trials in which Aldred figured.
-------."Richard and the Georges." Spur, 2(9):73-75, February 1916. A59
A comparison of the work of Richard Carlile with that of George J. Holyoake and George W. Foote, all associated in a crusade for freedom of thought and press. The author, editor of this workers' paper, attempts to discredit Holyoake and Foote in an effort to praise Carlile.
-------.Richard Carlile Agitator; His Life and Times. 3 d ed. Glasgow, Strickland Press, 1941. 160p. ("The Word" Library, 2d ser., no. 3.) A60
A sympathetic biography of the nineteenth century British champion of freedom of the press by a kindred agitator of the twentieth century. Aldred, according to W. H. Wickwar, pictured the oft-imprisoned Carlile as a "demigod among demons." A brief account (39p.) of Carlile, by the same author, was published in 1912 by the Bakunin Press, Glasgow.
Aldrich, Louise D. Censorship of Television. Washington, D.C., National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters, 1951.4p. A61
Alexander, Henry. "Obscenity and the Law." Queen's Quarterly, 60:161-69,Summer 1953. A62 §
Literary censorship in Canada. "Our current crusade against pornographic books is here discussed in terms of existing methods of control and the wider implications-and dangers-of censorship."
[AIexander, James]. ["Freedom of Speech."] Four untitled essays in the Pennsylvania Gazette, numbers 466-69, 17 November to 8 December 1737, signed "X." (Reprinted in the Katz edition of the Zenger trial, 1963; also in Levy, Freedom of the Press from Zenger to Jefferson, pp. 61-74.) A63 §
The original lawyer in the John Peter Zenger case (New York, 1735) supports Andrew Hamilton's arguments in defense of Zenger, answering the critical remarks of "AngloAmericanus" which appeared in the Barbados Gazette of July 1737. Alexander draws upon-history and common law in a spirited defense of freedom of speech and of the press, which he terms a "principal pillar in a free government." His arguments, however, fail to answer the basic issues raised by the critic, Anglo-Americanus. "To suppress enquiries into administration is good policy in an arbitrary government: But a free constitution and freedom of speech have such a reciprocal dependence on each other that they cannot subsist without consisting together." Duane attributes the essays to Beniamin Franklin, and Sparkes, on this basis, includes them in his collected works of Franklin. Larabee and Bell in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (vol. 2, p. 184) find no internal or external evidence that Franklin was the author. Alexander was also the editor of the first edition of the report of the Zenger trial, listed in this bibliography under Zenger.
Alfange, Dean, Jr. "Balancing of Interests in Free Speech Cases: In Defense of an Abused Doctrine." Law in Transition Quarterly, 2:35-63, Winter 1965. A64 §
After a review and analysis of the doctrine of "balancing of interests," which the author notes has not been popular among defenders of civil liberties, he concludes that judges are the last line of defense for protection of free speech and that faith in the judiciary should be demonstrated by "refusal to bind the courts through absolute rules under the first amendment, so that they may be free to decide cases in this area, as in all others, by balancing social considerations, and protecting all valid interests, not merely speech, to the greatest degree possible."
Alfred, Brother. "Francis Collins, First Catholic Journalist in Upper Canada." Canadian Catholic Historical Association Report, 1938-39, pp.51-66. A65
"Collins founded and edited the Canadian Freeman (1825-34) and his attacks on the Family Compact led to his imprisonment for libel."
Alfred, Vincent C. "Indecent Literature and the Law." Catholic Mind, 51:355-59, June 1953. (Reprinted from Catholic Action, April 1953) A66
Some improvement in state and federal statutes will help in he control of obscene literature, but a real clean-up calls for organized public demand for better enforcement of existing laws.
Algie, R. M. Journalists and the Law Relating to Defamation. Aukland, N.Z., University of New Zealand School of Journalism, 1935. 24p. (University of New Zealand Journalism Bulletin no. 2) A67
English libel laws are applied to New Zealand.
Allain, Alex P. "The Trustee and Censorship." In Virgina G. Young, The Library Trustee, a Practical Handbook. New York, Bowker, 1964, pp. 113--15. A68 §
Allbutt, Henry A. Artificial Checks to Population; Is the Popular Teaching of Them Infamous? A History of Medical Persecutions. London, George Standring, 1909. 35p. A69
An account of prosecutions for distributing birth control information.
[-------]. Trial of Henry A. Allbutt, by the General Medical Council of Great Britain and Ireland, at 299, Oxford Street, London, on November 23rd, 24th, and 25th, 1887, for the Publication of "The Wife's Handbook" at So Low a Price; with Press Criticisms on the Same Letter from Mr. Joseph Latchmore, of Leeds, to Sir Henry W. Acland. Stanningley, Eng.,J. W. Birdsall, 1887.31p. A70
For having published this popular manual on birth control "at so low a price," Dr. Allbutt was judged by the Royal College of Physicians of Edingburgh and the General Medical Council of Great Britain as guilty of "infamous conduct" and his name was removed from their medical register.
Allen, Carleton K. "Movies and Morals." Quarterly Review, 245:313-30, July 1925. A71 §
A history of control of the movies in England beginning with the Act of 1909, which required local licensing for all public exhibitions of inflammable films. The author considers the work of the unofficial British Board of Film Censors and the 1917 Commission of Inquiry on the movies set up by the National Council of Public Morals. He reviews some of the specific areas of immorality in movie themes, noting from the evidence of a study on delinquency by Professor Cyril Burt, that the danger from films is not so much in imitative action of crime portrayed, as in the lowering of the general moral tone of the juvenile viewer.
Allen, Florence E. "Fair Trial and Free Press: No Fundamental Clash Between the Two." American Bar Association Journal, 41:897-900, October 1955. A72
Judge Allen believes that the apparent conflict between the First Amendment, guaranteeing a free press, and the Fifth Amendment, guaranteeing due process of law and a fair trial, can be solved by the lawyers themselves, if they will enforce their own Canons of Professional Ethics.
Allen, Frank H. Government Influence on News in the United States during the World War. Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois, 1934.263p. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation) A73
Contents: Control of News before April 1917, Rejection of Censorship Legislation, Formation of the Committee on Public Information (voluntary censorship), Dissemination of News by the Committee on Public Information, Military Censorship, Censorship and Publicity Activities of the Federal Departments and Bureaus, Legislation against Disloyalty (Espionage Act, Trading with the Enemy Act, including operation of postal censorship, action on foreign language newspapers), and Final Phases of Wartime Influence on News (including government restrictions on distribution of news of the peace conference).
Allen, Frederick L. Frederick Baylies Allen: A Memoir. Cambridge, Mass., Privately printed at Riverside Press, 1929. 102p. A74
An affectionate biography of one of the founders of the New England Watch and Ward Society, by his son, the late editor of Harper's Magazine.
Allen, George V. "U.S. Information Program." Vital Speeches, 14:702-4,1 September 1948. A75 §
The Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs states that the underlying theme of the overseas information program must be truth.
Allen, Harold B. "Mass Pressure on Radio and Journalism." English Journal, 38 447-53, October 1949. A76
The author warns teachers of the communications arts to be aware of pressure groups and propaganda and of their effect upon mass communications. He discusses some of these effects on the press and radio.
Allen, Leslie H. Bryan and Darrow at Dayton. New York, Lee, 1925. 218p. A77
A reporter's account of the celebrated "evolution trial" of John T. Scopes. One of the books under attack was George W. Hunter's Civic Biology.
Allied Expeditionary Forces. Supreme Headquarters. a History of Field Press Censorship in SHAEF, World War II. Paramus, N.J., 201st Field Press Censorship Organization, [1946?]. 123p. A78
Allin, C. D. "Belligerent Interference with Mails." Minnesota Law Review, 1 :293-313, April 1917. A79 §
Deals largely with the controversy between the United States and the Allied Powers (England and France) in World War I over the inviolability of the mails. The seizure and censorship of the mails, the author notes, is part of the larger question as to whether belligerents have the right under international law to bring a neutral ship into a home port for seizure. He concludes that the position of the United States is needlessly legalistic and obstructive. Up to the time of the Hague Convention there was no principle of international law prohibiting the search or even confiscation of the mail carried by sea in time of war.
Allis, Frederick S., Jr. "Boston and the Alien and Sedition Laws." Proceedings, Bostonian Society, 1951, pp. 25-51. A80
The second section of the Sedition Act "interferes with freedom of speech in such a way as to raise serious questions as to the act's constitutionality, though it was never tested in the federal courts." The reaction of Federalist Massachusetts to the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions against the Sedition Act showed "little sympathy for this Republican nonsense" and favored strict enforcement. There was only one case in Massachusetts; the state was hard put to find a Republican victim. This was David Brown, sentenced to 18 months in prison for erecting a liberty pole in Dedham, the home of arch-Federalist Fisher Ames. The offensive inscription was as follows: "No Stamp Act, no Sedition, no Alien Bills, no Land Tax: downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President, long live the Vice-President and the minority; may moral virtue be the basis of civil government." Thomas Adams, editor of the Independent Chronicle of Boston was arrested for seditious libel under Massachusetts law rather than under the Federal Sedition Act. When he was too ill to stand trial his brother, Abijah, who had written the story, was tried and given a 30-day sentence. James Sullivan, the attorney general, used Blackstone's limited view of freedom of the press or freedom from prior restraint. Justice Dana refused to allow the defense to present a contrary point of view on the law. During the trial he delivered a lecture on the "monstrous position" of the Kentucky and Virginia resolution, but refused to permit Adams to print these remarks in his paper.
[Allison, Van K.] Supreme Judicial Court for the Commonwealth; Suffolk County, March Sitting, 1917. Brief for the Defendant. [Boston? 1917]. 26p. A81
Van K. Allison was convicted by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts (Commonwealth v. Allison) for distributing birth control information that was alleged to be obscene. Comment on the case appears in Critic and Guide, September 1916
Allison, William H. "Abner Kneeland." In Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 10,pp. 457-58. A82
Kneeland is best known as the defendant in the famous blasphemy case in Boston, 1834.
Allsop, Kenneth. "I Am a Pornographer." Spectator, 205:594-95, 21 October 1960. A83
An interview with Maurice Girodias of Olympia Press, Paris, whose "dirty books' get banned about a year after publication. "I accept the title of pornographer with joy and pride," comments Girodias. "I enjoy annoying people I dislike deeply-the bourgeois class which is in power everywhere, in France, Britain and America. I think it is very healthy to shock them."
.A Question of Obscenity. London,Scorpion Press, 1960. 15p. (Bound with A Question of Obscenity by Robert Pitman) A84
While detesting "the cheapjack rib-nudger' that has flooded the book market with a "slightly more liberal law and a more sophisticated and tolerant taste" (Obscene Publications Act of 1959), Allsop opposes an increase in censorship. Censorship is absurd, inefficient and without "justifiable function in a society which claims to be an adult and civilized democracy." To get rid of these weeds is "not to pass the job on to an efficiency expert who may grub up everything, but to develop taste and standards exacting enough to ensure that the weeds wither from lack of attention."
Almon, John. The History of the Late Minority in Parliament during the rears 1762, 1763, 1764, and 1765. London, Printed for John Almon, 1766.332p. A85
Includes an account of the struggle over John Wilkes's publishing and the use of the general warrant for libel charges against authors, printers, and booksellers. Wilkes's copy of this work in the British Museum contains his own lengthy manuscript notes relating to the Wilkes Affair.
-------. Memoirs of John Almon, Bookseller, of Piccadilly. London, John Almon, 1790.262p. A86
Almon is perhaps best known as a friend and confident of John Wilkes. He participated as author, editor, or publisher in a series of tracts on libels and general warrants, appearing as an outgrowth of the Wilkes's trial. In 1770 Almon was arrested and fined for selling a copy of the London Museum containing a reprint of Junius' letters to the King.
[-------]. The Trial of John Almon, Bookseller . . . for Selling Junius's Letter to the K. Before the Right Hon. William Lord Mansfield, and a Special Jury of the County of Middlesex, in the Court of King's Bench, Westminster-Hall, on Saturday, the Second Day of June, 177O . . . London, Printed for J. Miller, 1770. 65p. (Also in Howell, State Trials, vol. 20, pp. 803 ff.) A87
Almon was a Piccadilly bookseller who offended the government by publishing the "Father of Candor" letters, by statements in his Political Register, and by publication of an account of the Zenger trial. He was ultimately tried and convicted for the sale of the Junius letters. A number of his pamphlets and those of his opponents were reprinted in A Collection of Scarce and Interesting Tracts, London, 1788. Rea, in The English Press in Politics, gives a full account of Almon's earlier trial for A Letter Concerning Libels.
Alpert, Leo M. "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature." Harvard Law Review, 52:40-76, November 1938. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 52-67) A88 §
A history of the obscenity laws of Great Britain and the United States from the mid seventeenth century to the twentieth century. Although the study is 25 years old, Downs terms it "the most adequate summary of legal developments" in the field of obscenity censorship. It supports the contention "that there is no evidence establishing the need for censorship; that on the whole the evidence points the other way. Strongly rooted feelings, however, lying deep within the present social organisation, cannot be swept away." The author asks that "the approach to the problem be confined within the borders of the nature and function of literature with due regard to the pertinent psychological and sociological aspects of the effect of literature."
-------."Naughty, Naughty! Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature." Colophon, 3 (n.s.):47-54, 1939. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 4-8, and in Targ, Carrousel for Bibliophiles, pp. 208-9) A89
§
The author examines the historical phases of censorship over three centuries, chiefly from the legal point of view, with references to the attitude of the British and American courts toward obscenity.
Altgeld, John P. "Anonymous Journalism and Its Effects." In his Live Questions. Chicago, Donohue & Henneberry, 1890, pp. 90-103. (Reprinted from Belford's Magazine, October 1889) A90
The man who later became the controversial liberal governor of Illinois regrets the anonymity of newspapers of the day. Great editors in the past, he notes, did not hide behind their papers, but stood erect "before all Israel and the sun." The effect of anonymity in journalism is to relieve the writer of personal responsibility and contribute to an irresponsible press. The public is entitled to know who is speaking. Freedom of the press would not be impaired, but rather enhanced by the requirement of a signature on everything appearing in a newspaper. Such a requirement would make for less bias, and would guarantee greater accuracy and fair play for the readers.
[Alverson, Luther]. A Movie Censorship Decision. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1961. 7p. (Publication no. 64) A91 §
Text of the decision by Judge Luther Alverson of the Superior Court, Atlanta Judicial Circuit, holding as unconstitutional Atlanta's movie censorship ordinance. The case Lobert Pictures Corp. v. City of Atlanta involved the movie Never on Sunday and was decided for the plaintiff. The text is introduced by editorial commentary on state and municipal movie censorship.
Amdur, Leon H. Copyright Law and Practice. New York, ClarkBoardman,1936.1332p. A92
A law textbook, particularly useful for its coverage of radio copyright.
Amen, Maurice. "Church Legislation on Obscenity." Catholic Lawyer, 10:109-28, Spring 1964. A93
The author deals with the historical development of Church opposition to obscenity under two headings: The Patristic Condemnation of Obscene Literature and the Ecclesiastical Prohibition of Obscene Literature. Under the latter he considers action prior to the Council of Trent, the work of the Council of Trent, the events from the Council until Leo XIII, further prohibition by American bishops and the Leonene Reform of the prohibition of obscene literature. He concludes: "Only where there is some conformity of political legislation to the legislation of the Church, which determines the natural law in this matter, will there be that blending of truth and circumstances, of theory and practice, that is unimpeachable."
-------."The Church versus Obscene Literature." Catholic Lawyer, II:21-32,46-47, Winter 1965. A94
"By enumerating some of the effects of obscenity, perhaps we can achieve some insights into the reasons behind the ecclesiastical legislation against obscene literature."
American Association of School Libraries. "Book Selection in Defense of Liberty in Schools in a Democracy." ALA Bulletin, 47:484, November 1953. A95
§
A report by a school librarians discussion group at the Whittier Conference on Intellectual Freedom, Los Angeles, 20-21 June 1953. The statement rejects censorship of subject or author, urges that all sides of controversial subjects be represented in school library materials, recommends that book lists be used as aids in book selection but not as final authority, and that responsibility for selection be retained within the school.
-------. Policies and Procedures for Selection of School Library Materials. Chicago, AASL, 1961. 5p. (Reprinted in Illinois Libraries, May 1966) A96 §
This statement, adopted by the AASL, 3 February 1961, includes the School Library Bill of Rights and three examples of policy statements that treat the problem of censorship.
-------. School Library Bill of Rights. Chicago, AALS, 1955. 1p. mimeo. A97 §
This statement, endorsed by the Council of the American Library Association, July 1955, reaffirms the Library Bill of Rights, applying its principles to the school library.
American Bar Association. "Statement on the Freedom to Read." ALA Bulletin, 47:486, November 1953. (Reprinted in Downs, The First Freedom, pp. 341-42, and in Illinois Libraries, May 1966). A98
Resolution adopted, House of Delegates, American Bar Association, 25 August 1953: "Resolved that the freedom to read is a corollary of the constitutional guarantee of the freedom of the press and American lawyers should oppose efforts to restrict it." The statement reviews recent efforts to remove books from government libraries abroad and the variety of attacks on libraries at home. "The smoke of burning books, like the smell of midnight oil in the rewriting of history by Nazi or Soviet historians to make it more palatable to their regimes, offends American nostrils. The place to stop is before the process begins. American lawyers have sufficient confidence in the common sense of our people and the stability of our institutions to urge that we can and should keep them free . . . A learned profession like ours is particularly aware that books contain the core of the great traditions of our history and civilization. No one should be allowed to tamper with them without sharp reaction from the Bar."
[American Book Company]. Amercian Book Company Vindicated; The "Gates Pamphlet" a Libel. Jury Trial in Minneapolis at the March Term of the United States Circuit Court. Verdict against the Publisher of the Pamphlet and Large Damages Awarded.(n.p ), 1897-14p. A99
The "Gates pamphlet" charged bribery.
"American Book in British Courts; Sherwood Anderson's Many Marriages." Literary Digest, 79:30, 24 November 1923. A100
American Book Publishers Council. Books and Our Constitutional Guarantees. New York, The Council,1953. 5p. mimeo. A101
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