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LaFarge, Oliver. "A Ban on Laughing Boy." In his The Man with the Calabash Pipe. Edited by W. T. Scott. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1966, pp. 101-3. L1
The author expresses his surprise and sadness that his first novel has been removed from the libraries of the public schools of Amarillo, Tex., on grounds of obscenity. He considers the action a "false smirching."
Lambert, J. W. "The Folly of Censorship." Encounter, 29(1):60-62, July 1967. L2
The literary editor of the Sunday Times defends his views on censorship - that in the field of the arts and entertainment any form of censorship is undesirable and unnecessary.
Lambert, Richard S. Propaganda. London, Nelson, 1938. 165p. (Discussion Books, no. 13) L3
Chapter 8 deals with censorship, "the negative form of propaganda," with special reference to Britain in World War I.
Lapid, Joseph. "The Exodus Trial." Fact, 3(3):59-61, May-June 1966. L4
The British libel trial against Leon Uris, author of the best- seller Exodus, brought by Dr. W. A. Dering, accused of performing experiments in human sterilization in Auschwitz prison. The jury awarded Dering damages of "one ha'penny" and the judge made Dering responsible for the $75,000 incurred by the defense. The author criticizes the American press for printing virtually nothing about the trial.
Larsen, Otto N. "Controversies about the Mass Communication of Violence." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 364:37-49, March 1966. L5
"Few would dispute that American mass communication dispenses large doses of violence to audiences ever growing in size. Two related controversies stem from this fact. One concerns the question of effects and the other the problem of control. An inventory of relevant research is inconclusive about effects, partly because of varying conceptions of what constitutes evidence. A dynamic opinion process leads to control efforts. Critics play a vital part in defining discontent. A reciprocal relationship emerges between the public, the critic, and the media. American media respond to controversy and threat of censorship with systems of self- regulation. These grow out of public opinion and are sustained by it in a delicate balance dependent somewhat on developing knowledge of the effects of violence."
Larson, Arthur. "The Present Status of Propaganda in International Law." Law and Contemporary Problems, 31:439-51, Summer 1966. L6
"As to warmongering, subversive, and defamatory propaganda by states, the illegality of propaganda is established. As to the liability of states for acts of individuals, the special circumstances under which responsibility exists can be identified, with non- liability in other circumstances remaining the current role. Finally, as to individuals themselves, they are substantively responsible for illegal acts committed on behalf of states, when the states themselves would be responsible, but for acts of private propaganda their responsibility is less clear, except where domestic statutes have dealt with the topic."
Larson, Orvin. American Infidel: Robert G. Ingersoll. New York, Citadel, 1962. 316p. L7
This biography of a flamboyant American agnostic includes chapters dealing with Ingersoll's defense of freedom of speech and of the press. A chapter on obscenity treats of Ingersoll's participation in the conventions of the National Liberal League, his quarrel with other liberals over repeal of the Comstock laws (Ingersoll favored amendment, not repeal), and his defense of Ezra Heywood, convicted of obscenity. It also deals with Ingersoll's defense of De Robigne M. Bennett on obscenity charges and his eventual break with Bennett and withdrawal from the National Liberal League over objections to free love. Elsewhere are accounts of Ingersoll's lifelong confrontation with the blasphemy laws - both for his own statements and in behalf of others, particularly Charles B. Reynolds of Morristown, N.J. In the latter case, Reynolds was convicted despite an eloquent defense by Ingersoll.
Laser, Marvin, and Norman Fruman. "Not Suitable for Temple City." In their Studies in J. D. Salinger. New York, Odyssey, 1963, pp. 124-29. L8
The editors relate the controversy over The Catcher in the Rye in the high school at Temple City, Calif.
Lassiter, William C. Law and the Press; The Legal Aspects of News Reporting, Editing and Publishing in North Carolina. Rev. ed. Raleigh, N.C., Edwards and Broughton, 1956. 262p. L9
Chapters on civil and criminal libel, contempt, right of privacy, access to public records, and a free press and the right to a fair trial.
Lawlor, Pat. "Censorship Problem." New Zealand Law Journal, 1964:440-44, 20 October 1964; 1964:464-68, 3 November 1964. L10
A New Zealand author and critic reviews literary censorship in New Zealand, deploring the surge of obscene works which menace our freedom. There must be some sensible control of books, but thus far efforts have failed. "Let us all face this problem bravely and broadmindedly: forget that word censorship and replace it with a sense of responsibility, one to another."
Lawton, Sherman P. "Who's Next?: The Retreat of Canon 35." Journal of Broadcasting, 2:289-94, Fall 1958. L11
"Three hundred attorneys and judges in Oklahoma's seventy- seven counties were queried as to their attitudes on still photography, motion pictures and live television in the courtroom. It became clear that the more experience lawyers and judges had with such coverage, the more favorable they were toward it."
Lazarus, Jonathan G. American Military Control of News during World War II. New Brunswick, NJ., Rutgers University, 1964. 136p. (Unpublished Bachelor's thesis) L12
League of Nations. International Bureau. International Convention concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace. (Geneva, September 23rd, 1936). Geneva, The League, 1936. 11p. (League of Nations Publications, 1936. XII. B. 10) L13
The Convention covers the prohibition of broadcasting that would incite violence or illegal acts in another nation or encourage another nation to wage war.
Leavy, Zad. "Protection from Group and Class Defamation by Extremists." Los Angeles Bar Bulletin, 40:23-29, November 1964. L14
"What reason is there to deny to members of large groups and classes the right to protection from inflammatory defamation designed to weaken through hatred their prestige and position in the community?" The author believes there is need for a balance to be struck between the interests of freedom of speech and class defamation.
Leder, Lawrence H. "The Role of Newspapers in Early America `In Defense of Their Own Liberty.'" Huntington Library Quarterly, 30:1-16, November 1966. L15
The author examines the American colonial press prior to 1762 to determine the editors' own attitudes toward press freedom. Speculation did not appear during the first three decades, but only as newspapers attempted to break a news monopoly. The author finds references in James Franklin's New- England Courant (Boston), Benjamin Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette, Andrew Bradford's American Weekly Mercury (Philadelphia), John Peter Zenger's Weekly Journal (New York), Lewis Timothy's Gazette (Charleston, S.C.), William Bradford's New York Gazette, the Boston Independent Advertiser, and the New York Mercury. References are made to the newspaper debate between Jonathan Blenman and James Alexander over the Zenger trial, the essay by Jeremiah Gridley in American Magazine and Historical Chronical, and the articles by James Parker in the New York Gazette and the Connecticut Gazette.
Lederer, William J. A Nation of Sheep. New York, Norton, 1961. 192p. L16
Caustic criticism of the government and the press by one of the authors of The Ugly American for misinforming, censoring, and failing to inform the American people about foreign affairs. Lederer also criticizes the American people for their "dumb sheeplike acceptance" of what is offered them in the press. "Decisions are being made on the basis of second- hand rumors, guesses, and propaganda supplied by ill- informed amateurs." Journalism has become an industry rather than a profession.
Leflar, Robert A. "The Social Utility of the Criminal Law of Defamation." Texas Law Review, 34:984-1035, October 1956. L17
The author, from an analysis of reported American criminal defamation cases from 1920 to 1955, attempts to determine what function the law serves when so many violations of the law produces so few prosecutions, and still fewer convictions that stand up on appeal.
"Legal Responsibility for Extra- Legal Censure." Columbia Law Review, 62:475-500, March 1962. L18
Extralegal censure includes group attempts to prevent dissemination of literature deemed offensive, picketing of business organizations, and blacklisting of suspected subversives by prospective employers.
Legman, Gershon. The Fake Revolt. New York, Breaking Point, 1967. 32p. L19
This powerful statement condemns "the perversion of the sexual freedom we have all - or many of us - fought to achieve," by the sadistic sexual orgies in the mass media that serve to detract from the real social problems of America.
Leigh, L. H. "Aspects of the Control of Obscene Literature in Canada." Modern Law Review, 27:669-81, November 1964. L20
Lerner, Max. "Literature vs. Trash: Where Can We Draw the Line?" Redbook, 129(4):60-61, 124-26, August 1967. L21
Lerner describes the breakthrough in publishing erotic literature, including Lady Chatterley's Lover, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill, and believes that for reader and writer alike the gain will "far outweigh any possible damage to unready minds." He favors a limited censorship as established by the Supreme Court, for "freedom operates best when we can set up safeguards against the destructiveness of those who don't care about freedom but advocate freedom so they can exploit it." He draws a line between "the obviously cheap exploitive junk" and "serious literature by serious writers."
Lever, Harold. "Libel & Contempt." Censorship, 2(2):14-17, Spring 1966. L22
A member of Parliament discusses proposed reforms in the British libel law.
Levy, H. Phillip. The Press Council: History, Procedure and Cases. With a Preface by Rt. Hon. the Lord Devlin. London, Macmillan, 1967. 505p. L23
Le Wine, Jerome M. "What Constitutes Prejudicial Publicity in Pending Cases?" American Bar Association Journal, 51:942-48, October 1965. L24
The author examines the methods employed by both English and American courts in dealing with prejudicial publicity in pending cases. He concludes that restraints on the media of communications are possible under the "clear and present danger" test used by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Lewis, Anthony. "British Verdict on Trial- by- Press." New York Times Magazine, 114:14-15, 46-47, 20 June 1965. L25
"The United States needs to attack problems other than the surface one of press comment. It should worry about police corruption, political prosecutors, incompetent judges, regional bias, and many other deficiencies in American criminal justice."
"Liability for Defamation of a Group." Columbia Law Review, 34:1322-35, November 1934. L26
Notes on the applicability of civil and criminal law in prosecution for libel of a group of persons or a corporation.
Line, Bryant W. A Study of Incidents and Trends in the Censorship of Books Afflecting Public and School Libraries in the United States, 1954-1964. Washington, D.C., Catholic University of America, 1965. 249p. (Unpublished Master's thesis) L27
Lippmann, Walter. "The Credibility Gap." Washington Post, 113:A17, 28 March 1967; 115:A21, 30 March 1967. L28
In his column, Today and Tomorrow, Lippmann criticizes President Johnson for a "deliberate policy of artificial manipulation of official news. The purpose of this manipulation is to create a consensus for the President, to stifle debate about his aims and his policies, to thwart deep probing into what has already happened, what is actually happening, what is going to happen . . . There has been damaged also the credibility of the State Department on the conduct of the [Vietnam] war."
-------. "On the Importance of Being Free." Encounter, 25:88-90, August 1965. L29
"A free press exists only where newspaper readers have access to other newspapers which are competitors and rivals, so that editorial comment and news reports can regularly and promptly be compared, verified, and validated. A press monopoly is incompatible with a free press . . . if there is a monopoly of the means of communication - of radio, television, magazines, books, public meetings - it follows that this society is by definition and in fact deprived of freedom." Lippmann discusses such problems as the public's right to know and the government's need for secrecy; the conflict between the professional journalist's duty to seek the truth and his human desire to get on in the world; the conflict between seeking the truth and being on good terms with the powerful; between seeking the truth and the human desire to say "my country right or wrong."
Lipton, Laurence. "50 Million Censors Can't Be Wrong." Frontier; The Voice of the New West, 8(10):9-11, 14, August 1957. L30
"No matter how you may try to hedge it about with safeguards, legal censorship is the imposition of force, police force, on thought art, judgment and conscience. On such matters 50 million censors, or more, acting for themselves alone, are better than any one censor with legal police power . . . At the newsstand or in the book store, as in the polling booth, the people have a right to make their own mistakes."
Livingston, William. "Of the Use, Abuse, and Liberty of the Press." In Levy, Freedom of the Press from Zenger to Jefferson, pp. 75-82. L31
This essay, first appearing in The Independent Reflector, 30 August 1753, "reflects mid- century American libertarian theory at its best."
Lloyd, Brian, and George Gilbert. Censorship and Public Morality; an Australian Conspectus. Sydney, N.S.W., Angus, 1930. 60p. L32
Loades, D. M. "The Press Under the Early Tudors; a Study in Censorship and Sedition." Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 4(1):29-50, 1964. L33
The efforts of Henry VIII and Mary Tudor to control the press, including the establishment of the Stationers' Company.
Loftis, John. The Politics of Drama in Augustan England. Oxford, Clarendon, 1963. 173p. L34
Chapter 6, Fielding and the Stage Licensing Act of 1737.
Lofton, John. Justice and The Press. Boston, Beacon, 1966. 462p. L35
"One aim of this book is to examine how newspapers flout the right of due process. Another aim is to note how the courts themselves abuse the rights of due process and obstruct the rights of a free press. The final objective is to suggest under what circumstances and in what ways the individual right to due process should take precedence over the collective public right to know and, conversely, when the right to know should take precedence." In developing an understanding of the problem the author reviews the historic conflict between press and bar going back to the 1807 treason trial of Aaron Burr. The appendix includes: The Oregon Bar- Press- Broadcasters joint statement on fair trial and freedom of the press, the Massachusetts guidelines, the Kentucky Press Association statement on pretrial reporting, the New York County Lawyers Association Code on Fair Trial and Free Press, the Philadelphia Bar Association statement, the joint statement of the Cleveland Bar Association and the Cleveland Plain Dealer, the U.S. Department of Justice statement on release of information relating to criminal proceedings, and the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Sheppard v. Maxwell.
London. Stationers' Company. Records of the Court of Stationers' Company, 1576 to 1602 - from Register B. Edited by W. W. Greg & E. Boswell. London, The Bibliographical Society, 1930. 144p. L36
The first of two volumes of transcription of the Records, followed by transcription for the years 1602-40, edited by W. A. Jackson.
-------. Records of the Court of Stationers' Company, 1602 to 1640. Edited by William A. Jackson. London, The Bibliographical Society, 1957. 555p. (Bibliographical Society Publication for the Years 1955 and 1956) L37
This installment "includes part of the first separate volume of the records of the Court, Court- Book C, as well as the same part of the letter book entitled `Orders of Parliamt & Ld Mayor Liber A' and the whole of the `Book of Entraunce of Fines.' The letter book contains much material of an earlier date which it is to be hoped will some day be published, while Court- Book C continues on to 1654/5, and together with the succeeding books and supplementary documents, ought likewise to be published."
Long, Howard R. "Straight Thinking on Freedom of the Press." Grassroots Editor, 7(1):3, 38, January 1966. L38
Justice Hugo L. Black and Lord Shawcross on the extension of freedom of the press.
"Long- Arm Jurisdiction over Publishers to Chill a Mocking Word." Columbia Law Review, 67:342-65, February 1967. L39
Deals with the problem of courts exercising jurisdiction over nonresident publishers. Includes a critique of the cases of Curtis Publishing Co. v. Birdsong (1966), New York Times Co. v. Connor (1962), and Time, Inc. v. Manning (1966).
Low, Rachel. The History of the British Film. London, Allen & Unwin, 1948-50. 3 vols. to date. (Published under the joint auspices of the British Film Institute and the British Film Academy) L40
Vol. I (with Roger Manvell) covers the years 1896-1906. Vol. II, 1906-14, includes a section on official regulation which began with concern for public safety, an account of the organization of the British Board of Film Censors, and a list of causes of film censorship by the Board for 1913. Vol. III, 1914-18, contains a section on the activities of the British Board of Film Censors and the work of the Cinema Commission of Inquiry. Vol. IV, 1919-29 is in preparation.
Lowenstein, Ralph L. PICA: Measuring World Press Freedom. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1966. 6p. (Publication no. 166) L41
An explanation of a Freedom of Information Center project for the annual measurement of the extent of press freedom in independent nations of the world - Press Independence and Critical Ability (PICA) Index.
-------. World Press Freedom, 1966. Columbia, Mo., Freedom of Information Center, School of Journalism, University of Missouri, 1967. 8p. (Report no. 181) L42
The findings of the Press Independence and Critical Ability (PICA) Survey for 1966. Four hundred and thirty newsmen, broadcasters, and journalism editors throughout the world participated in the survey. Twenty- three criteria were used for measuring press freedom. The survey concluded that "a plurality of the world's nations and the world's population lives under conditions of press freedom."
Luce, Clare Boothe. "Problem of Pornography." McCall's, 94:15, October 1966. L43
"Censorship, like charity, should begin at home, but, unlike charity, it should end there."
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